TABLE 3.

Outcomes of some major iron chelators used in ICH in the clinical and preclinical studies.

Iron chelator	Type of trial	Development Phase	Outcomes	References
Deferoxamine	Preclinical trials	Preclinical	Decreased hemin release from the hematoma and reduced iron deposition and the severity of brain injury in animal models.	Hu et al., 2019
	Clinical trials	Phase I and II, under investigation	Effective to a certain extent, but lead to hypotension, pancytopenia, retinal toxicity, and neurotoxicity, and would be ineffective to significantly improve the good clinical outcome at day 90 in ICH patients.	Hu et al., 2019; Selim et al., 2019
Deferiprone	Preclinical trials	Preclinical	Reduced iron deposition, but invalid to brain edema and lipid ROS, and failed to improve the outcome in rat models.	Wang et al., 2016
	Clinical trials	Phase II	Effective to some extent in humans and experimental neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental conditions, but can cause injury to the surrounding tissue.	Klopstock et al., 2019
Minocycline	Preclinical trials	Preclinical	Reduced the hematoma volume and brain edema, prevented iron accumulation, and protected brain from injury after ICH in rat models.	Zhao et al., 2011a; Yang et al., 2019
	Clinical trials	Phase II, under investigation	Reduced iron overload and iron-induced brain injury after ICH.	Chang et al., 2017; Fouda et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2020
VK-28	Preclinical trials	Preclinical	Improved neurobehavioral performance, reduced brain water content, decreased white matter injury.	Li et al., 2017
Clioquinol	Preclinical trials	Preclinical	Improved the neurological outcome, attenuated brain edema, and ROS production in rat models.	Wang et al., 2016
Ceruloplasmin	Preclinical trials	Preclinical	Reduced the severity of brain injury in rat models.	Liu et al., 2019