Table 1.

Summary of Literature Included in Review of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Shedding

Study	Country	Design	Patient Population	No. of Patients	Severity of Illness	Specimen Sources	Testing Methods
Andersson M et al6	United Kingdom	Prospective case series	Hospitalized, outpatient, recovered	278	Not defined	Serum	PCR Viral culture
Arashiro T et al60	Japan	Case report	Hospitalized	2	Mild	Not specified	PCR
Arons MM et al9	United States	Point prevalence	Skilled nursing facility residents	76	Not defined	NP OP	PCR Viral culture if PCR +
Bullard J et al5	Canada	Retrospective cross-sectional	Not specified	90	Not defined	NP ET tube	PCR Viral culture
Campioli C et al26	United States	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized, outpatient	251	Not defined	NP	PCR
Chang M et al46	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	16	Not defined	Throat	PCR
Chau NVV et al18	Vietnam	Prospective case series	Quarantine center	30	Asymptomatic, mild	Saliva NP	PCR
Chen Y et al16	China	Retrospective cohort study	Hospitalized	42	Uncomplicated, mild, severe	NP Urine Stool	PCR
COVID-19 Investigation Team11	United States	Retrospective case series	Mixed – hospitalized and home isolation	12	Not defined	OP NP Serum Stool Urine	PCR Viral culture Whole genome sequencing
Danzetta ML et al32	Italy	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized and outpatient	14,200 tested; 605 positives	Not defined	NP OP	PCR
Di Tian LW et al21	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	75	Mild, moderate, severe, critical	Not specified	PCR
Fang Z et al55	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	32	ICU or non-ICU	NP Saliva Tears Blood Urine Stool	PCR
Fu S et al24	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	50	Severe	NP Throat Rectal	PCR
Fu Y et al27	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	410	Not defined	Throat	PCR
Gombar S et al39	United States	Retrospective case series	Not specified, but primarily outpatient	150	Not defined	NP	PCR
Han J et al30	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	185	Mild, moderate, severe, critical	Respiratory	PCR
He X et al64	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	94	Moderate	Throat	PCR
Huang J et al25	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	33	Moderate and severe	Throat Sputum Stool	PCR
Huang JT et al29	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	308	General, severe, critically ill	Nasal Pharyngeal	PCR
Hung IF et al41	Hong Kong	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	9	Symptomatic and asymptomatic	NP Throat	PCR
Ikegami S et al44	United States	Prospective case series	Outpatient	272	Recovered	NP	PCR
Jiang X et al74	China	Case report	Home isolation	1	Asymptomatic	NP Anal	PCR
Kim ES et al22	Korea	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	28	From 1 (no limit of activity) to 8 (death)	NP OP Sputum	PCR
Lan L et al61	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized Home isolation	4	Asymptomatic Symptomatic	Throat	PCR
La Scola B et al8	France	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	155	Not defined	NP Sputum	PCR Viral culture
Le TQM et al7	Vietnam	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	12	1 asymptomatic, rest not specified	Throat	PCR Viral culture
Lee S et al43	Korea	Retrospective case series	Community treatment center	303	Symptomatic and asymptomatic	NP OP Sputum	PCR
Li N et al48	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	36	Mild or severe	Respiratory Saliva	PCR
Li J et al80	China	Case report	Hospitalized	1	Mild/moderate	NP OP	PCR
Li W et al37	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	18	Asymptomatic or mild	NP Nasal Sputum Throat Anal	PCR
Lin A et al34	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	137	Mild or severe	Not specified	PCR
Ling Y et al47	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	66	Not defined	OP Blood Urine Stool	PCR
Liu WD et al12	Taiwan	Case report	Hospitalized	1	Not defined	Sputum Throat Stool	PCR Viral culture
Liu Y et al68	China	Case report	Hospitalized	1	Severe	OP	PCR
Liu F et al79	China	Case report	Hospitalized	1	Moderate	NP	PCR
Lo IL et al51	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	10	Mild, moderate, or severe	NP Urine Stool	PCR
Long QX et al38	China	Point prevalence	Hospitalized	178	Asymptomatic, mild	NP	PCR
Min C et al15	Singapore	Retrospective case series and position statement	Not specified	766	Not specified	NP	PCR Viral culture
Miyamae Y et al56	Japan	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	23	Asymptomatic, mild	NP OP	PCR
Noh JY et al35	Korea	Retrospective case series	Residential treatment center	199	Asymptomatic or atypical symptoms	Not defined	PCR
Park SY et al31	Korea	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	6	Not defined	NP OP Sputum Saliva	PCR
Park SK et al72	Korea	Prospective case series	Outpatient	46	Asymptomatic and mild	Respiratory Stool	PCR
Pongpirul WA et al19	Thailand	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	11	Asymptomatic, mild, moderate	Upper respiratory	PCR
Qi L et al54	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	147	Mild, moderate, or severe	Respiratory	PCR
Qian GQ et al45	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	24	Not defined	Throat Rectal	PCR
Ridgway JP et al42	United States	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized and outpatient	555	Not defined	NP	PCR
Sakurai A et al17	Japan	Retrospective case series	Cruise ship	90	Asymptomatic	NP	PCR
Seah IYJ et al76	Singapore	Prospective case series	Hospitalized Discharged	17	Not defined	Tears NP	PCR
Sun J et al66	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	49	Mild or severe	NP Sputum Throat Stool	PCR
Talmy T et al23	Israel	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	219	Mild	NP OP	PCR
Tan W et al70	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	67	Mild, moderate, severe	NP Sputum Blood Urine Stool	PCR
To KK et al62	Hong Kong	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	23	Mild or severe	OP Saliva	PCR
Van Kampen JJA et al4	Netherlands	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	129	Mechanically ventilated, ICU with oxygen therapy, ward with oxygen therapy, ward without oxygen therapy	NP Sputum	PCR Viral culture
Wang W et al71	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	205	Severe Nonsevere	Nasal Blood Sputum Stool Urine	PCR
Wang J et al57	China	Case report	Hospitalized	1	Mild	NP	PCR
Wang K et al28	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	68	CURB-65 scores 1–3	NP Sputum	PCR
Wang C et al58	China	Case report	Hospitalized	1	Mild	NP OP	PCR
Wang Y et al86	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	23	Mild and severe	NP Sputum Throat Fecal Urine Blood	PCR
Wölfel R et al10	Germany	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	9	Mild	Sputum NP Throat Stool	PCR Viral culture Whole-genome sequencing
Wu Y et al20	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	98	Not defined	Throat Stool	PCR
Xiao F et al13	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	28	Not defined	NP OP Stool	PCR Viral culture
Xiao AT et al53	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	56	Mild to moderate	NP Throat	PCR
Xu K et al52	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	113	Mild, pneumonia, severe pneumonia, ARDS, septic shock	Sputum NP Throat BAL	PCR
Young BE et al33	Singapore	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	18	Not defined	NP Urine Stool Blood	PCR
Zhang L et al69	China	Case report	Hospitalized	1	Mild	Throat	PCR
Zhang J et al.73	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	14	Not defined	OP Stool	PCR
Zhang WY et al67	China	Case report	Hospitalized	1	Mild	Pharyngeal	PCR
Zhang W et al75	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	39	Severe Nonsevere Clinical condition unknown	Oral Rectal	PCR
Zhang N et al14	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	23	Mild, moderate, critical	Upper respiratory Urine Stool Blood	PCR Viral Culture
Zhao F et al36	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	401	Mild, moderate, severe	Respiratory Fecal	PCR
Zheng S et al50	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	96	Mild, severe	Respiratory Blood Urine Stool	PCR
Zheng X et al78	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	80	Common, severe	Throat Stool	PCR
Zhou B et al49	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	41	Severe	Throat	PCR
Zhou F et al40	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	191	Mild, moderate, severe, critical	Respiratory	PCR
Zhou R et al77	China	Retrospective case series	Hospitalized	31	Asymptomatic	NP	PCR
Yao XH et al59	China	Case report	Hospitalized	1	Severe	NP Lung Liver Heart Intestine Skin	PCR Histopathology
Zou L et al63	China	Prospective case series	Hospitalized	18	Asymptomatic, mild-to-moderate, severe	NP	PCR

Note. NP, nasopharyngeal; OP, oropharyngeal; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ET, endotracheal.