Table 1.

Summary of research on signaling pathways and relative factors that affect cell adhesion and osteogenesis

Reference	Nanofiber	Cell type	Relative pathway	Gene function or main discovery	Relative factor
Liu WT et al., 2013	PLLA nanofibers: random and aligned	Human BMSCs	Focal adhesion kinase, TGF-β, Wnt, and MAPK pathways	A similar though weaker rhythm of dynamic cellular behavior was induced on random nanofibers when compared with that on osteogenic supplements, and mechanotransduction could trigger nonspecific and multilevel responses in human BMSCs
Baker et al., 2014	PCL-NF and PDLLA-NF scaffolds	Human BMSCs	TGF-β and cell-adhesion/ECM-receptor pathways	Nanofibers and osteogenic supplements regulated similar pathways; both amplified TGF-β and cell-adhesion/ECM-receptor pathways
Higgins et al., 2015	PLLA nanofibers in diameters of 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 μm	MC3T3-E1 S4 cells (passage 35)	POR1, Rac1, and Artf1	Geometry sensing	Physical and chemical properties of nanofibers
Chang et al., 2018	The fabrication of an NF-MP matrix that controls one single stem cell in a nanofibrous microisland	Rat BMSCs	FAK/RhoA/YAP1 pathway	Cell adhesion	Physical and chemical properties of nanofibers
Ozdemir et al., 2013	Poly(methyl methacrylate) fibers	MC3T3-E1 osteoprogenitor cells	Integrin receptors, focal adhesion proteins, actin stress fibers and Myosin IIa, RhoA/ROCKII	Cytoskeletal organization and cell morphology	Nanofiber stiffness
Andalib et al., 2013	Unidirectionally aligned and randomly distributed nanofibers, both with an average diameter of approximately	MSCs, C3H10T1/2	ROCK	Cytoskeletal organization and cell morphology	Alignment of nanofibers
	130 nm, fabricated with PLLA
Andalib et al., 2016	Aligned and randomly distributed nanofibers from PLLA to have the same diameters (about 130 nm)	C3H10T1/2 murine MSCs	FAK	Cytoskeletal organization and cell morphology	Alignment of nanofibers
Izadpanahi et al., 2018	Aligned and randomly oriented PLLA scaffolds	hASCs	LncRNAs and miR-125b-MEG3, H19 modulator BMP signaling pathway	Osteogenesis	Alignment of nanofibers
Zhu et al., 2013	Two kinds of electrospun nanofibrous meshes with different fiber arrangements (totally non-woven and lattice-like)	Rat BMSCs	Integrin subunits α5 and β1, RhoA, and ERK	Cell adhesion	Hierarchical structure of nanofibrous scaffolds
Xue et al., 2017	Polycaprolactone nanofiber scaffold	Human UC-, BM-, and AD-derived MSCs	Wnt/β-catenin and Smad3	Osteogenesis	Hierarchical structure of nanofibrous scaffolds
Liu HH et al., 2013a	Biomimetic nanocomposite nanofibrous scaffold of hydroxyapatite/chitosan	Rat BMSCs	Smad1, BMP-2/4, Runx2, ALP, collagen I, integrin subunits together with myosins; the critical proteins pSmad1/5/8 in the BMP pathway	Osteogenesis	Functional additives
Zhang et al., 2015	Gelatin/β-tricalcium phosphate composite nanofibers	Rat BMSCs	Calcium-sensing receptor	Environmental sensing	Functional additives

PLLA: poly(l)-lactic acid; PCL-NF: poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofiber; PDLLA-NF: poly(d,l-lactic acid) nanofiber; NF-MP: nanofibrous micropatterned; BMSC: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; hASC: human adipose-derived stem cell; UC: umbilical cord; BM: bone marrow; AD: adipose tissue; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ECM: extracellular matrix; POR1: porin 1; Rac1: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1; Artf1: adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation factor 1; FAK: focal adhesion kinase; RhoA: Ras homolog gene family member A; YAP1: Yes-associated protein 1; ROCK: Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase; lncRNA: long non-coding RNA; MEG3: maternally expressed gene 3; BMP: bone morphogenic protein; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Smad: small mothers against decapentaplegic; Runx2: Runt-related transcription factor 2; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; pSmad: phosphorylated Smad