Table 1.
Characteristics of patients at admission
| All patients (n = 319) |
Discharged (n = 238) |
Deceased (n = 81) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline and demographic parameters | ||||
| Median age (IQR) — yr | 74 (61–83) | 71 (59–79) | 82 (76–86) | < 0.0001 |
| Male — no. (%) | 188 (58.93) | 138 (57.98) | 50 (61.73) | 0.5530 |
| Nursing home resident — no. (%) | 30/318 (9.43) | 17/137 (7.17) | 13/81 (16.05) | 0.0249 |
| Smoking history | ||||
| - Current smoker — no. (%) | 20/181 (11.05) | 18/131 (13.74) | 2/50 (4.00) | 0.0619c |
| - Former smoker — no. (%) | 63/181 (34.81) | 42/131 (32.06) | 21/50 (42.00) | 0.2131 |
| - Never smoker— no. (%) | 98/181 (54.14) | 71/131 (54.20) | 27/50 (54.00) | 0.9809 |
| BMI (IQR) | 26.75 (23.79–29.74) | 26.35 (23.72–29.19) | 28.17 (23.83–30.97) | 0.0472 |
| - Underweighta - no. (%) | 4/230 (1.74) | 3/174 (1.72) | 1/56 (1.79) | |
| - Normal weighta - no. (%) | 80/230 (34.78) | 63/174 (36.21) | 17/56 (30.36) | 0.4206 |
| - Overweighta - no. (%) | 92/230 (40.00) | 73/174 (41.95) | 19/56 (33.93) | 0.2830 |
| - Obesitya — no. (%) | 54/230 (23.48) | 35/174 (20.11) | 19/56 (33.93) | 0.0390 |
| - Not known | 89 | 64 | 25 | |
| Diabetes — no. (%) | 65 (20.38) | 38 (15.97) | 27 (33.33) | 0.0012 |
| Hypertension — no. (%) | 162 (50.78) | 101 (42.44) | 61 (75.31) | < 0.0001 |
| - Use of ACE inhibitor | 60/251 (23.90) | 39/178 (21.91) | 21/73 (28.77) | 0.2530 |
| - Use of ATII antagonist | 30/250 (12.00) | 18/177 (10.17) | 12/73 (16.44) | 0.1764 |
| COPD — no. (%) | 40 (12.54) | 27 (11.34) | 13 (16.05) | 0.2805 |
| Asthma — no. (%) | 16 (5.02) | 12 (5.04) | 4 (4.94) | 0.9286c |
| Coronary artery disease — no. (%) | 72 (22.57) | 47 (19.75) | 25 (30.86) | 0.0434 |
| Chronic renal disease — no. (%) | 62/318 (19.50) | 34/237 (14.35) | 28/81 (34.57) | 0.0001 |
| - eGFR 30–60 | 36/314 (11.46) | 26/233 (11.16) | 10/81 (12.35) | 0.7743 |
| - eGFR 15–30 | 17/314 (5.41) | 5/233 (2.15) | 12/81 (14.81) | < 0.0001 |
| - eGFR < 15 | 3/314 (0.96) | 0/233 (0.00) | 3/81 (3.70) | 0.0090c |
| - HD/PD | 7 (2.19) | 4 (1.68) | 3 (3.70) | 0.2582c |
| Cerebrovascular disease — no. (%) | 48 (15.05) | 30 (12.61) | 18 (22.22) | 0.0433 |
| Immunocompromised — no. (%) | 42 (13.17) | 32 (13.45) | 10 (12.35) | 0.7992 |
| - Immunosuppressive drugs | 31 (9.72) | 23 (9.66) | 8 (9.88) | 0.9556 |
| - Active chemotherapy | 16 (5.02) | 10 (4.20) | 6 (7.41) | 0.2727 |
| Clinical symptoms | ||||
| Mean duration of symptoms (IQR) – days | 7 (3–10) | 7 (4–10) | 4 (1–7) | 0.0007 |
| - Not known | 30 | 21 | 9 | |
| History of feverb — no. (%) | 191 (59.87) | 148 (62.18) | 43 (53.09) | 0.1510 |
| Cough — no. (%) | 211 (66.14) | 161 (67.65) | 50 (61.73) | 0.3339 |
| - purulent | 47 (14.73) | 36 (15.13) | 11 (13.58) | 0.7327 |
| Dyspnea — no. (%) | 208 (65.20) | 152 (63.87) | 56 (69.14) | 0.3867 |
| Thoracic pain — no. (%) | 29 (9.09) | 26 (10.92) | 3 (3.70) | 0.0488c |
| Myalgia — no. (%) | 61 (19.12) | 57 (23.95) | 4 (4.94) | < 0.0001c |
| Diarrhea — no. (%) | 49 (15.36) | 38 (15.97) | 11 (13.58) | 0.6029 |
| Abdominal pain— no. (%) | 25 (7.84) | 20 (8.40) | 6 (6.17) | 0.5088 |
| Anorexia — no. (%) | 93 (29.15) | 76 (31.93) | 17 (20.99) | 0.0556 |
| Nausea — no. (%) | 55 (17.24) | 45 (18.91) | 10 (12.35) | 0.1644 |
| Vomiting — no. (%) | 45 (14.11) | 37 (15.55) | 8 (9.88) | 0.1908 |
| Syncope — no. (%) | 12 (3.76) | 8 (3.36) | 4 (4.94) | 0.4583c |
| Headache — no. (%) | 35 (10.97) | 32 (13.45) | 3 (3.70) | 0.0117c |
| Confusion — no. (%) | 29 (9.09) | 20 (8.40) | 9 (11.11) | 0.4728 |
| History of falling — no. (%) | 19 (5.96) | 8 (3.36) | 11 (13.58) | 0.0019 |
| Anosmia — no. (%) | 20 (6.27) | 18 (7.56) | 2 (2.47) | 0.1103c |
| Parameters | ||||
| Temperature > 38 °C – no. (%) | 52 (16.30) | 41 (17.23) | 11 (13.58) | 0.4354 |
| Respiratory rate (IQR) – breaths per min | 16 (14–20) | 16 (15–20) | 16 (14–18) | 0.5534 |
| - Not measured | 25 | 16 | 9 | |
| Mean arterial blood pressure (IQR) - mmHg | 94 (84–102) | 93 (84–102) | 97 (83–104) | 0.6908 |
| - Not measured | 7 | 3 | 4 | |
aBody mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) was categorized as: < 18.5, underweight; 18.5–25, normal weight; 25–30, overweight; > 30 obese
bFever was defined as a measured body temperature > 38.0 °C
cUnivariate logistic regression used Firth correction when small cell counts (< 5) occurred