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Breath ammonia concentration in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 1–5. Exhaled breath ammonia concentrations were measured in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 1–5 patients. Box plot is used to display breath ammonia concentration in different CKD group, and significant differences between groups are indicated (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.0001).
