Hydrodynamic injection of SF regulated the function of intrahepatic T cells and hepatic cells. (A) Experimental design of SF treatment, cell isolation and analysis. C57BL/6 mice were hydrodynamically injected with pSM2, pSM2 + SF or pSM2 + HV protein. Splenocytes, intrahepatic lymphocytes (IHLs) and PMHs were isolated at 3, 5, 7 and 14 days post‐injection. (B) Splenocytes and (C) IHLs were stimulated with anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD28 for 48 h. PMHs were co‐cultured with TLR5−/− splenocytes (D) or MACS‐purified TLR5−/− CD8+ T cells (E) that were freshly isolated from naïve C57BL/6 mice in the presence of anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD28 for 24 h. IFN‐γ in the supernatant was detected by ELISA. Unstimulated splenocytes or CD8+ T cells were used as a negative control (NC). Splenocytes or CD8+ T cells stimulated with anti‐CD3/anti‐CD28 alone were used as reactive controls (RC). n = 3–4 mice per group. Data are representative of at least three independent experiments. Bars: mean ± SD. *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001, statistical relevance was determined by one‐way ANOVA.