Table 1.
A selection of the total (1287) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) collated from the literature from mammalian and avian emissions. The full table (Supplementary File 1) lists and compares the VOCs identified in 141 species across 17 orders. The compounds displayed in this excerpt, from a selection of domestic species, are those with physiological and/or behavioural evidence of allelochemical function in arthropod species of medical or veterinary significance.
| Chemical Class | CAS Number | Analyte | Chemical Formula | Molecular Mass | Arthropod Pest(s) for which VOC Displays an Allelochemical Role |
Horse (Equus equus) | Cattle (Bos taurus) | Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) | Sheep (Ovis aries) | Pig (Sus scrofa) | Human (Homo sapiens) | Dog (Canis familiaris) | Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) | Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) | Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hydrocarbons | 1120-21-4 | undecane | C11H24 | 156.1878 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| hydrocarbons | 629-62-9 | pentadecane | C15H32 | 212.2504 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| hydrocarbons | 544-76-3 | hexadecane | C16H34 | 226.2661 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| hydrocarbons | 629-78-7 | heptadecane | C17H36 | 240.2817 | 1 | ✓ | |||||||||
| hydrocarbons | 6874-32-4 | 3,7-dimethyl-(Z)-oct-2-ene | C10H20 | 140.1565 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| hydrocarbons | 33501-88-1 | 2,3,6-trimethylhepta-1,5-diene | C10H18 | 138.1409 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| hydrocarbons | 13828-31-4 | 1-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl) cyclohexene | C10H18 | 138.1409 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| hydrocarbons | 637-50-3 | 1-propenylbenzene | C9H10 | 118.0783 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| hydrocarbons | 91-20-3 | naphthalene | C10H8 | 128.0626 | 1, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| hydrocarbons | 138-86-3 | limonene | C10H16 | 136.1252 | 1, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| hydrocarbons | 2436-90-0 | citronellene/dihydromyrcene | C10H18 | 138.1409 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| hydrocarbons | 6753-98-6 | α-humulene/ α-caryophyllene |
C15H24 | 204.1878 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| hydrocarbons | 87-44-5 | β-caryophyllene | C15H24 | 204.1878 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| alcohols | 111-70-6 | 1-heptanol | C7H16O | 116.1201 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| alcohols | 543-49-7 | 2-heptanol | C7H16O | 116.1201 | 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| alcohols | 111-87-5 | 1-octanol | C8H18O | 130.1358 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| alcohols | 123-96-6 | 2-octanol | C8H18O | 130.1358 | 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| alcohols | 589-98-0 | 3-octanol | C8H18O | 130.1358 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| alcohols | 143-08-8 | 1-nonanol | C9H20O | 144.1514 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| alcohols | 112-30-1 | 1-decanol | C10H22O | 158.1671 | 3 | ✓ | |||||||||
| alcohols | 1120-06-5 | 2-decanol | C10H22O | 158.1671 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| alcohols | 928-96-1 | (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol | C6H12O | 100.0888 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| alcohols | 928-92-7 | 4-hexen-1-ol | C6H12O | 100.0888 | 1 | ✓ | |||||||||
| alcohols | 4938-52-7 | 1-hepten-3-ol | C7H14O | 114.1045 | 1 | ✓ | |||||||||
| alcohols | 3391-86-4 | 1-octen-3-ol | C8H16O | 128.1201 | 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| alcohols | 123-51-3 | 3-methyl-1-butanol/isopentanol | C5H12O | 88.0888 | 2 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| alcohols | 104-76-7 | 2-ethylhexanol | C8H18O | 130.1358 | 1, 7, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| alcohols | 107-21-1 | ethan-1,2-diol/ethylene glycol | C2H6O2 | 62.0368 | 3 | ✓ | |||||||||
| alcohols | 56-81-5 | 1,2,3-propanetriol/glycerol | C3H8O3 | 92.0473 | 1, 3 | ✓ | |||||||||
| alcohols | 18479-58-8 | dihydromyrcenol | C10H20O | 156.1514 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| alcohols | 78-70-6 | linalool | C10H18O | 154.2530 | 1, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| alcohols | 89-78-1 | menthol | C10H20O | 156.1514 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| alcohols | 106-22-9 | dihydrogeraniol/citronellol | C10H20O | 156.1514 | 9 | ✓ | |||||||||
| alcohols | 57-88-5 | cholesterol | C27H46O | 386.3549 | 3 | ✓ | |||||||||
| alcohols | 100-51-6 | benzyl alcohol | C7H8O | 108.0575 | 3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| phenols | 108-95-2 | phenol | C6H6O | 94.0419 | 6, 7 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| phenols | 108-39-4 | 3-methylphenol/ m-cresol |
C7H8O | 108.0575 | 4, 6, 7, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| phenols | 106-44-5 | 4-methylphenol/ p-cresol |
C7H8O | 108.0575 | 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| phenols | 620-17-7 | 3-ethylphenol | C8H10O | 122.0732 | 4, 5, 7 | ✓ | |||||||||
| phenols | 123-07-9 | 4-ethylphenol | C8H10O | 122.0732 | 2, 6, 7 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| phenols | 621-27-2 | 3-propylphenol | C9H12O | 136.0888 | 4, 5, 6, 7 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| phenols | 645-56-7 | 4-propylphenol | C9H12O | 136.0888 | 7 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| phenols | 499-75-2 | 3-isopropyl-6-methylphenol | C10H14O | 150.1045 | 4 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| phenols | 90-05-1 | 2-methoxyphenol | C7H8O2 | 124.0524 | 4, 5, 7, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| phenols | 119-33-5 | 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol | C7H7NO3 | 124.0524 | 9 | ✓ | |||||||||
| acids | 64-18-6 | methanoic acid/formic acid | CH2O2 | 46.0055 | 1 | ✓ | |||||||||
| acids | 64-19-7 | ethanoic acid/ acetic acid |
C2H4O2 | 60.0211 | 1, 3, 5, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| acids | 79-09-4 | propanoic acid | C3H6O2 | 74.0368 | 1, 2, 5, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| acids | 107-92-6 | butanoic acid | C4H8O2 | 88.0524 | 1, 2, 5, 8, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| acids | 109-52-4 | pentanoic acid/valeric acid | C5H10O2 | 102.0681 | 1, 2, 8 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| acids | 142-62-1 | hexanoic acid | C6H12O2 | 116.0837 | 1, 2, 3, 8, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| acids | 111-14-8 | heptanoic acid | C7H14O2 | 130.0994 | 1, 2, 3, 8 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| acids | 124-07-2 | octanoic acid | C8H16O2 | 144.115 | 1, 2, 3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| acids | 112-05-0 | nonanoic acid | C9H18O2 | 158.1307 | 1, 2, 3 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| acids | 334-48-5 | decanoic acid | C10H20O2 | 172.1463 | 1, 2, 3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| acids | 112-37-8 | undecanoic acid | C11H22O2 | 186.162 | 1, 2, 3 | ✓ | |||||||||
| acids | 143-07-7 | dodecanoic acid | C12H24O2 | 200.1776 | 1, 2, 3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| acids | 638-53-9 | tridecanoic acid | C13H26O2 | 214.1933 | 1, 2, 3 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| acids | 544-63-8 | tetradecanoic acid/myristic acid | C14H28O2 | 228.2089 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| acids | 1002-84-2 | pentadecanoic acid | C15H30O2 | 242.2246 | 1, 3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| acids | 57-10-3 | hexadecanoic acid/palmitic acid | C16H32O2 | 256.2402 | 1, 2, 3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| acids | 506-12-7 | heptadecanoic acid | C17H34O2 | 270.2559 | 1, 3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| acids | 57-11-4 | octadecanoic acid/stearic acid | C18H36O2 | 284.2715 | 1, 2, 3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| acids | 79-31-2 | 2-methylpropanoic acid/isobutyric acid | C4H8O2 | 88.0524 | 5, 8, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| acids | 503-74-2 | 3-methylbutanoic acid/isovaleric acid | C5H10O2 | 102.0681 | 1, 2, 5, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| acids | 27960-21-0 | (E)-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid | C7H12O2 | 128.0837 | 2 | ✓ | |||||||||
| acids | 18719-24-9 | 7-octenoic acid (+CO2) | C8H14O2 | 142.0994 | 2 | ✓ | |||||||||
| acids | 50-21-5 | 2-hydroxypropanoic acid/lactic acid | C3H6O3 | 90.0317 | 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 | ✓ | |||||||||
| acids | 98-89-5 | cyclohexanecarboxylic acid | C7H12O2 | 128.0837 | 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| esters | 698-76-0 | δ-octalactone | C8H14O2 | 142.0994 | 4, 5 | ||||||||||
| esters | 105-66-8 | propyl butanoate | C7H14O2 | 130.0994 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| acids | 65-85-0 | benzoic acid | C7H6O2 | 122.0368 | 1, 3, 8 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| aldehydes | 123-38-6 | propanal | C3H6O | 58.0419 | 3 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| aldehydes | 66-25-1 | hexanal | C6H12O | 100.0888 | 1, 8 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| aldehydes | 111-71-7 | heptanal | C7H14O | 114.1045 | 1, 3, 7 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| aldehydes | 124-13-0 | octanal | C8H16O | 128.1201 | 1, 4, 7 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| aldehydes | 124-19-6 | nonanal | C9H18O | 142.1358 | 1, 3, 4, 7 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| aldehydes | 112-31-2 | decanal | C10H20O | 156.1514 | 1, 4, 7, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| aldehydes | 112-44-7 | undecanal | C11H22O | 170.1671 | 4 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| aldehydes | 112-54-9 | dodecanal | C12H24O | 184.1827 | 1, 4 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| aldehydes | 18829-55-5 | (E)-2-heptenal | C7H12O | 112.0888 | 5, 4 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| aldehydes | 18829-56-6 | (E)-2-nonenal | C9H16O | 140.1201 | 1, 5, 7 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| aldehydes | 53448-07-0 | (E)-2-undecenal | C11H20O | 168.1514 | 4 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| aldehydes | 432-25-7 | β-cyclocitral | C10H16O | 152.1201 | 9 | ✓ | |||||||||
| aldehydes | 100-52-7 | benzaldehyde | C7H6O | 106.0419 | 1, 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| aldehydes | 122-78-1 | phenylacetaldehyde | C8H8O | 120.0575 | 3, 7 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| ketones | 67-64-1 | acetone | C3H6O | 58.0419 | 1, 2, 6, 7 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| ketones | 78-93-3 | butanone | C4H8O | 72.0575 | 1, 6, 7 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| ketones | 107-87-9 | 2-pentanone | C5H10O | 86.0732 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| ketones | 96-22-0 | 3-pentanone | C5H10O | 86.0732 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| ketones | 110-43-0 | 2-heptanone | C7H14O | 114.1045 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| ketones | 111-13-7 | 2-octanone | C8H16O | 128.1201 | 4, 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| ketones | 106-68-3 | 3-octanone | C8H16O | 128.1201 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| ketones | 821-55-6 | 2-nonanone | C9H18O | 142.1358 | 5, 4 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| ketones | 693-54-9 | 2-decanone | C10H20O | 156.1514 | 1, 4 | ✓ | |||||||||
| ketones | 112-12-9 | 2-undecanone | C11H22O | 170.1671 | 9, 4 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| ketones | 6175-49-1 | 2-dodecanone | C12H24O | 184.1827 | 4 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| ketones | 110-93-0 | 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one | C8H12O | 124.0888 | 1, 2, 7, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| ketones | 3796-70-1 | (E)-geranylacetone | C13H22O | 194.1671 | 1, 2, 4, 5, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| ketones | 7764-50-3 | dihydrocarvone | C10H16O | 152.1201 | 9 | ✓ | |||||||||
| ketone | 76-22-2 | camphor | C10H16O | 152.1201 | 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| ketones | 98-86-2 | acetophenone | C8H8O | 120.0575 | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| amines | 7664-41-7 | ammonia | NH3 | 17.0265 | 1, 2 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| amines | 120-72-9 | indole | C8H7N | 117.0578 | 1, 2, 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| amines | 83-34-1 | 3-methylindole/skatole | C9H9N | 131.0735 | 5, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| halogenated | 75-09-2 | dichloromethane | CH2Cl2 | 83.9534 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| halogenated | 106-46-7 | 1,4-dichlorobenzene | C6H4Cl2 | 145.969 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| sulfides | 75-18-3 | dimethyl sulfide | C2H6S | 62.019 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| sulfides | 624-92-0 | dimethyl disulfide | C2H6S2 | 93.9911 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| sulfides | 110-81-6 | ethyl disulfide | C4H10S2 | 122.0224 | 1 | ✓ | |||||||||
| sulfides | 2179-60-4 | methyl propyl disulfide | C4H10S2 | 122.0224 | 1, 3 | ✓ | |||||||||
| sulfides | 3658-80-8 | dimethyl trisulfide | C2H6S3 | 125.9632 | 1, 3, 5, 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| sulfides | 75-15-0 | carbon disulfide | CS2 | 75.9441 | 1 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| thiazole | 95-16-9 | benzothiazole | C7H5NS | 135.0143 | 2 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
1Aedesaegypti. 2Anophelesgambiae. 3Culexquinquefasciatus. 4Glossinamorsitans. 5Glossinapallipides. 6Culicoidesimpunctatus. 7Culicoidesnubeculosus. 8Rhipicephalusmicroplus. 9Stomoxyscalcitrans.