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Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells after incubation with 30 and 300 µg/mL of chitosan 70% (A) and 95% (B) degree of deacetylation (DD) and viscosity 10, 500 and 3000 mPas for 24 h in serum-free medium (−): healthy control, (+): untreated colitis control (mean ± SD; n = 6; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 compared to the 5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA) 30 µg/mL control, Mann–Whitney test).
