Table 2.
Summary of flavonoids effects on adipocytes and adipose tissue related with obesity (↓ = decreased, ↑ = increased).
| Reference | Name of Flavonoids | Model of Study | Effects in Obesity |
|---|---|---|---|
| [151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172] | Flavonols: Quercetin |
3T3-L1 adipocytes, HFD-induced obese mice |
↓ PPARγ, C/EBPα, C/EBPα FABP4, aP2 and LPL genes, ↑ apoptosis, ↓ ERK and JNK phosphorylation, ↑ AMPKα1/SIRT1, ↓ E2F2 (Nrf2), ↑ c/EBPα, PPARγ, Caspase 3, Bax and Bak gene expression, ↓ number of macrophages, ↓ leptin, TNFα, NF-κB, NADPH oxidases, and antioxidant enzymes, ↓cholesterol metabolism and immune and inflammatory genes. Altered lipid expression genes: Fnta, Pon1, Pparg,, Aldh1b1, APOA4, Abcg5, Gpam, Acaca, Cd36, Fdft1, and Fasn |
| [154,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182] | Flavon-3-ol: Epigallocathechin EGCG | 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, adipocytes, immortalized brown preadipocytes |
↓ cell viability, ↑ apoptosis. No effect on viability, ↑ S phase during differentiation, ↑ G2/M phase, ↑ Phosphorylation of AMPK, ↓ Phosphorylation of FOXO1, ERK1/2, Akt ↓ ACC, FAS and FOXO1 mRNA levels, No effect FOXO1, FOXO3 and SREBP-1c mRNA, ↓ Glut4 protein level, ↓ ROS ↓ PPARγ, C/EBPα, LXRα and SREBP-1c, FABP4 and ↑ β-Catenin mRNA levels ↓ Lipid accumulation, GPDH activity, ↑ HSL mRNA levels, ↓ HSL and resistin mRNA levels, ↑ UCP1 and UCP2 mRNA levels |
| [183,184,185,186] | Isoflavones: Genistein | 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, HFD-induced obese mouse |
↑ ROS release activated AMPK ↑ pro-caspase 3, Bax, cytochrome C, and PARP ↓ lipid accumulation, ↓ adipogenesis, ↑ apoptosis, ↓ lipogenic genes, (PPARγ) (C/EBPα), leptin and adiponectin. agonist/antagonist activity PPARγ |
| [156,187] | Flavons: Apigenin |
HFD-induced obese mouse | ↑ fatty acid oxidation, TAC, oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chain and cholesterol expression of genes, ↓ lipogenic and lipolytic genes expression, ↓ triglyceride and cholesterol enzymes, ↓ PPARγ, ↓ oxidative stress |
| [169,188] | Anthocianins: Cyanidin | 3T3-L1 cell, HFD-induced obese mouse |
↓ adipocyte life cycle, ↓ adipocyte proliferation, ↓ adipogenesis ↓ lipolysis and apoptosis induction. ↑ leptin, resistin. Not change cholesterol, triglycerides, (MCP-1) |