Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort by tertiles of serum galectin-1 concentrations.
| Characteristic | Tertile 1 (n=278) Galectin 1 < 16.1 |
Tertile 2 (n=278) Galectin 1: 16.1–22.7 |
Tertile 3 (n=278) Galectin 1 > 22.7 |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.0 (54.8–71.0) | 67.0 (60.0–75.0) | 72.0 (61.0–80.3) | < 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 188 (67.6) | 184 (66.2) | 197 (70.9) | 0.479 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 79 (28.4) | 99 (35.6) | 99 (35.6) | 0.115 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7 (22.5–27.6) | 25.9 (23.9–28.5) | 25.3 (23.0–28.0) | 0.005 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 153 (55.0) | 185 (66.5) | 219 (78.8) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 67 (24.1) | 90 (32.4) | 123 (44.2) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 5 (1.8) | 7 (2.5) | 71 (25.5) | < 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 10 (3.6) | 8 (2.9) | 44 (15.8) | < 0.001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 21 (7.6) | 12 (4.3) | 39 (14.0) | < 0.001 |
| Previous stroke | 14 (5.1) | 12 (4.3) | 25 (9.0) | 0.047 |
| Co-medications | ||||
| Aspirin | 129 (46.4) | 120 (43.2) | 151 (54.3) | 0.026 |
| Clopidogrel | 34 (12.2) | 39 (14.0) | 60 (21.6) | 0.006 |
| ACEi/ARB | 62 (22.3) | 85 (30.6) | 105 (37.8) | < 0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 54 (19.4) | 69 (24.8) | 85 (30.6) | 0.010 |
| Statin | 85 (30.6) | 96 (34.5) | 83 (29.9) | 0.443 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.5 (12.5–14.3) | 13.4 (12.4–14.3) | 12.3 (10.8–13.7) | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 98.0 (87.3–119.0) | 98.0 (89.0–114.0) | 102.0 (89.0–130.8) | 0.089 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.3 (1.1–1.9) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 160.0 (143.0–182.0) | 159.0 (137.0–181.5) | 158.0 (136.5–182.0) | 0.328 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 99.0 (71.0–138.5) | 107.0 (77.0–148.8) | 112.0 (86.5–160.0) | 0.001 |
| Hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.7) | < 0.001 |
| Galectin 1 (ng/mL) | 13.3 (10.2–14.7) | 18.7 (17.4–20.5) | 29.3 (25.5–38.5) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiac catheterization | ||||
| Single vessel disease, n (%) | 55 (19.8) | 69 (24.8) | 59 (21.2) | 0.336 |
| Multiple vessel disease, n (%) | 69 (24.8) | 80 (28.8) | 120 (43.2) | < 0.001 |
| SYNTAX score | 0.0 (0.0–5.0) | 0.0 (0.0–7.0) | 7.0 (0.0–16.1) | < 0.001 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 59.0 (54.6–62.2) | 58.0 (52.0–63.0) | 55.9 (49.0–60.9) | 0.009 |
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CAD, coronary artery disease; Hs-CRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; LV ejection fraction, left ventricular ejection fraction; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events.