Table A1.

Table of abbreviations.

Abbreviation	Definition
BET	Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
BFM	binary friction model
CL	catalyst layer
DEFC	direct ethanol fuel cell
DMFC	direct methanol fuel cell
EIS	electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
ePTFE	expanded polytetrafluoroethylene
GAB	Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer
GDL	gas diffusion layer
IEC	ion-exchange capacity
LE	liquid-equilibrated
MEA	membrane-electrode assembly
MPL	microporous layer
MRI	magnetic resonance imaging
NMR	nuclear magnetic resonance
PEM	polymer electrolyte membrane
PEMFC	polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
PEMWE	polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyser
PFSA	perfluorosulfonic acid
VE	vapour-equilibrated