Table 2.
Examples of EVs engineered strategies to improve targeting towards specific cells.
| Method | Isolated from | Engineered with | Targeting to | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covalent linkage | Bone marrow MSCs |
αvβ3 integrin targeting peptide c(RGDyK) | Ischemic brain | [12] |
| Macrophages RAW 264.7 |
neuropilin-1-targeted peptide (RGERPPR) | Glioma | [14] | |
| Direct lipid linkage | Macrophages RAW 264.7 | Sigma receptor targeting ligand z(aminoethylanisamide, AA) | Pulmonary metastasis | [125] |
| Cardiosphere-derived cells | cardiac homing peptide CSTSMLKAC (CHP) | Myocardial infarction | [121] | |
| Indirect lipid linkage | Leukemia cells K562 |
αvβ3 integrin targeting peptide c(RGDyK) | Angiogenic blood vessel | [122] |
| Umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) | Biotin | HepG2 tumors | [126] | |
| Transfection | Immature mouse DCs | αvβ3 integrin targeting peptide (CRGDKGPDC) (iRGD) |
MDA-MB-231 tumors | [123] |
| Embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) | IL3 ligand | Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) | [124] | |
| Bone marrow DCs |
αvβ3 integrin targeting peptide YTIWMPENPRPGTPCDIFTNSRGKRASNG (RVG) | Brain | [28] | |
| Embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) | cardiac-targeting peptide APWHLSSQYSRT (CTP) | Cardiac tissue | [9] | |
| Embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) | Epstein–Barr virus protein (gp350) | B cell tropism | [16] | |
| Passive adsorption | MSCs | Spermine cationized pullulan | Liver tissue | [120] |