Table 4.
Xenobiotics that affect CAR and PXR expression.
| Compound | Target | Model | Effect/Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoparticles | ||||
| ZnO | CAR | Rat liver in vivo | Inhibition through inflammatory signaling | [268] |
| Nano-copper | CAR PXR | Rat liver in vivo | Inflammatory signaling and oxidative stress | [269] |
| Rat brain | Inhibition through oxidative stress | [270] | ||
| Quantum dots | PXR | Zebrafish embryos | Induction | [271] |
| Graphene oxide | PXR | PHH LS174 cells | Proteasome-independent inhibition | [272] |
| Environmental pollutants | ||||
| Nonylphenol | PXR | Juvenile salmon | Induction | [277] |
| CAR PXR | Rat hippocampal cells | Induction | [278] | |
| Glyphosate | CAR | Piglet liver | Induction | [279] |
| cis-BF pyrethroid pesticide | PXR | Human HepG2 cells | Induction | [280] |
| Benzo[a]pyrene | CAR | Rat hepatocytes | Induction | [141] |
| Arsenic | PXR | Mouse small intestine | Induction | [281] |
| Arsenite | PXR | Rat and human hepatocytes | No effect | [306] |
| Heavy metal | PXR | Zebrafish fibroblasts | Induction | [283] |
| Uranium | PXR | Rat brain, liver, and kidney | Induction | [285] |
| CAR | Rat lung | Induction | ||
| 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium | PXR | Mouse mammary carcinoma cell line | Induction | [284] |
| Food contaminants | ||||
| Aflatoxin B1 | CAR PXR |
PHH | Induction | [286] |
| Patulin | PXR | PHH | Induction | [287] |
| Ochratoxin A | PXR | PHH | Proteasome-independent inhibition through miR-148a | [288] |
| Ochratoxin A derivative | PXR | PXR-overexpressing HepG2 cells | Inhibition | [289] |
| Drugs | ||||
| Diclofenac | PXR | Benthic small fish | Induction | [293] |
| Doxorubicin | PXR | Rat gonad epithelium | Induction | [290] |
| Paclitaxel | CAR | Mouse lung cancer cell line E9 | Induction | [266] |
| Efavirenz | CAR | Human HepaRG cells | Inhibition | [292] |
| Rifampicin | ||||
| Food components | ||||
| Artemisinin | PXR | Human LS174 cells | Induction | [25] |
| Piperidine | PXR | Human LS174 cells | Induction | [295] |
| Tanshione IIA | PXR | Human LS174 cells | Induction | [296] |
| Isorhamnetin | PXR | Human LS174 cells | Induction | [297] |
| Probiotics VSL#3 | PXR | Colon and adipose/induced colitis mouse model | Reverse colitis-induced PXR inhibition | [40] |
| A-ketoglutarate | PXR | Induced colitis | Induction | [301] |
| Paeoniae radix rubra extracts | PXR | Rat hepatic cell line H4IIE | Downregulation by disruption of GR signaling | [298] |
| n−3 fatty acids (n−3) + SC-560 | PXR | HFD mice liver Human Huh7 cells |
Induction through FXR signaling? | [300] |
| Fish oil + indomethacin | PXR | Liver | Induction | [299] |
| Tripolide | CAR | Rat liver Human L-02 and HepG2 cells |
Inhibition | [302] |
| Z-guggulsterone | CAR | Human brain micro-vessel endothelial cells | Inhibition | [304] |
| Xanthohumol | CAR | Rat liver | Inhibition | [303] |
| Catalpol | CAR | Rat liver Human L-02 and HepG2 cells |
Reverse tripolide-mediated inhibition | [302] |
| Caffeine | CAR | Mouse liver | Induction | [305] |