Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the women who smoked in the 1st trimester.
| Maternal Characteristics/ Pregnancy Outcomes |
Women Who Have Never Smoked (N = 744) |
Smokers in 1st Trimester (N = 57) |
p * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQ Range)/n (%) | Median (IQ Range)/n (%) | ||
| Maternal age (years) | 35 (31–37) | 34 (27–38) | 0.473 |
| Primiparous | 311 (41.8%) | 19 (33.3%) | 0.211 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 13 (10–17) | 14 (10–20) | 0.220 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 (20.4–25.8) | 23.6 (21.3–27.7) | 0.078 |
| Education <12 years (available data) | 42 (6.6%) | 17 (31.5%) | <0.001 |
| Fetal sex, son | 386 (51.9%) | 29 (50.9%) | 0.884 |
| Fetal growth restriction (FGR) | 16 (2.2%) | 4 (7.1%) | 0.047 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3400 (3080–3722.5) | 3350 (2740–3550) | 0.023 |
| Birth weight in percentiles | <0.001 | ||
| <10th | 52 (7.0%) | 15 (26.3%) | |
| 10–90th | 609 (81.9%) | 41 (71.9%) | |
| >90th | 83 (11.2%) | 1 (1.8%) | |
| Birth weight in grams | 0.003 | ||
| <2500 | 46 (6.2%) | 10 (17.5%) | |
| 2500–4000 | 618 (83.1%) | 44 (77.2%) | |
| >4000 | 80 (10.8%) | 3 (5.3%) | |
| Preeclampsia (PE) | 20 (2.7%) | 3 (5.3%) | 0.221 |
| APGAR in the 5th min <7 | 2 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 |
| Birth <37th week | 54 (7.3%) | 6 (10.5%) | 0.428 |
| Cesarean section | 313 (42.1%) | 24 (42.1%) | 0.996 |
* The Mann–Whitney U test was used for comparisons of continuous variables, the Cochran–Armitage test was used to detect a trend, and for binomial categories, the Pearson chi-square test (or Fisher exact test when Cochran assumption was not met) was used (p-value < 0.05 was assumed to be significant). APGAR is an assessment of appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.