Table 1.
Temporal trends in characteristics of men and women with incident heart failure over time
| Historic cohort (1994–1998) | 1999–2003 | 2004–2009 | Modern cohort (2009–2013) | |||||||||
| Variable | Women n=47 676 |
Men n=43 907 |
P value | Women n=43 190 |
Men n=42 108 |
P value | Women n=41 043 |
Men n=43 698 |
P value | Women n=42 746 |
Men n=47 961 |
P value |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||||||
| Age (mean±SD) | 76.3±11.2 | 72.0±11.3 | <0.001 | 76.2±11.8 | 71.9±11.8 | <0.001 | 76.0±12.3 | 71.6±12.4 | <0.001 | 75.8±12.9 | 71.5±12.8 | <0.001 |
| Rurality | 8256 (17.3) | 8518 (19.4) | <0.001 | 6781 (15.7) | 6996 (16.6) | <0.001 | 5602 (13.6) | 6667 (15.3) | <0.001 | 5358 (12.5) | 6788 (14.2) | <0.001 |
| Income quintile | ||||||||||||
| 1 (lowest) | 11 651 (24.4) | 9297 (21.2) | <0.001 | 10 121 (23.4) | 8529 (20.3) | <0.001 | 9661 (23.5) | 9096 (20.8) | <0.001 | 9613 (22.5) | 9541 (19.9) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 10 377 (21.8) | 9418 (21.4) | 9814 (22.7) | 9319 (22.1) | 9070 (22.1) | 9317 (21.3) | 9243 (21.6) | 9833 (20.5) | ||||
| 3 | 9506 (19.9) | 8983 (20.5) | 8571 (19.8) | 8683 (20.6) | 7891 (19.2) | 8576 (19.6) | 8325 (19.5) | 9444 (19.7) | ||||
| 4 | 8208 (17.2) | 8024 (18.3) | 7403 (17.1) | 7770 (18.5) | 7274 (17.7) | 8308 (19.0) | 8017 (18.8) | 9775 (20.4) | ||||
| 5 (highest) | 7698 (16.1) | 7956 (18.1) | 7168 (16.6) | 7690 (18.3) | 6976 (17.0) | 8233 (18.8) | 7388 (17.3) | 9188 (19.2) | ||||
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| Uncomplicated HTN | 31 751 (66.6) | 26 068 (59.4) | <0.001 | 31 381 (72.7) | 27 909 (66.3) | <0.001 | 31 336 (76.3) | 30 730 (70.3) | <0.001 | 32 809 (76.8) | 34 103 (71.1) | <0.001 |
| Complicated HTN | 2507 (5.3) | 2006 (4.6) | <0.001 | 2178 (5.0) | 1921 (4.6) | <0.001 | 3254 (7.9) | 3551 (8.1) | 0.29 | 5669 (13.3) | 6516 (13.6) | 0.15 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 4660 (9.8) | 4769 (10.9) | <0.001 | 5034 (11.7) | 5313 (12.6) | <0.001 | 5180 (12.6) | 5956 (13.6) | <0.001 | 5957 (13.9) | 6919 (14.4) | 0.035 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2954 (6.2) | 4697 (10.7) | <0.001 | 3629 (8.4) | 5937 (14.1) | <0.001 | 4323 (10.5) | 8030 (18.4) | <0.001 | 5051 (11.8) | 9617 (20.1) | <0.001 |
| Valvular disease | 1835 (3.8) | 1864 (4.2) | 0.002 | 1981 (4.6) | 2087 (5.0) | 0.002 | 1759 (4.3) | 2163 (4.9) | <0.001 | 2099 (4.9) | 2841 (5.9) | <0.001 |
| PAD | 3136 (6.6) | 3994 (9.1) | <0.001 | 2928 (6.8) | 3684 (8.7) | <0.001 | 1584 (3.9) | 2405 (5.5) | <0.001 | 1272 (3.0) | 2257 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| CVD | 4429 (9.3) | 4401 (10.0) | <0.001 | 3841 (8.9) | 3834 (9.1) | <0.001 | 2808 (6.8) | 3003 (6.9) | 0.86 | 2506 (5.9) | 2713 (5.7) | 0.18 |
| PCD | 296 (0.6) | 286 (0.7) | 0.561 | 491 (1.1) | 362 (0.9) | 0.56 | 807 (2.0) | 588 (1.3) | <0.001 | 1113 (2.6) | 882 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| COPD/asthma | 13 091 (27.5) | 14 352 (32.7) | <0.001 | 14 557 (33.7) | 14 988 (35.6) | <0.001 | 15 209 (37.1) | 15 996 (36.6) | 0.17 | 16 261 (38.0) | 17 164 (35.8) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 128 (0.3) | 398 (0.9) | <0.001 | 187 (0.4) | 562 (1.3) | <0.001 | 313 (0.8) | 965 (2.2) | <0.001 | 337 (0.8) | 1123 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Renal disease | 1127 (2.4) | 1527 (3.5) | <0.001 | 1410 (3.3) | 1935 (4.6) | <0.001 | 1849 (4.5) | 2588 (5.9) | <0.001 | 1954 (4.6) | 2865 (6.0) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 9600 (20.1) | 10 462 (23.8) | <0.001 | 10 359 (24.0) | 12 182 (28.9) | <0.001 | 12 204 (29.7) | 15 243 (34.9) | <0.001 | 14 751 (34.5) | 18 721 (39.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 2155 (4.5) | 541 (1.2) | <0.001 | 2212 (5.1) | 597 (1.4) | <0.001 | 1421 (3.5) | 428 (1.0) | <0.001 | 1300 (3.0) | 479 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 559 (1.2) | 772 (1.8) | <0.001 | 541 (1.3) | 800 (1.9) | <0.001 | 540 (1.3) | 775 (1.8) | <0.001 | 579 (1.4) | 895 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Anaemia | 2569 (5.4) | 1403 (3.2) | <0.001 | 4734 (11.0) | 3204 (7.6) | <0.001 | 4629 (11.3) | 3382 (7.7) | <0.001 | 5182 (12.1) | 3929 (8.2) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 1935 (4.1) | 1188 (2.7) | <0.001 | 2007 (4.6) | 1258 (3.0) | <0.001 | 1816 (4.4) | 1121 (2.6) | <0.001 | 1791 (4.2) | 1194 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 1788 (3.8) | 911 (2.1) | <0.001 | 1617 (3.7) | 872 (2.1) | <0.001 | 1364 (3.3) | 859 (2.0) | <0.001 | 1213 (2.8) | 756 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Psychosis | 1932 (4.1) | 1134 (2.6) | <0.001 | 1695 (3.9) | 1106 (2.6) | <0.001 | 486 (1.2) | 350 (0.8) | <0.001 | 223 (0.5) | 171 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Primary tumour | 3055 (6.4) | 4363 (9.9) | <0.001 | 3026 (7.0) | 4045 (9.6) | <0.001 | 2947 (7.2) | 4060 (9.3) | <0.001 | 3376 (7.9) | 4419 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Metastatic Malignancy | 869 (1.8) | 804 (1.8) | 0.924 | 925 (2.1) | 775 (1.8) | 0.92 | 850 (2.1) | 723 (1.7) | <0.001 | 1000 (2.3) | 840 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Paraplegia | 840 (1.8) | 899 (2.0) | 0.002 | 854 (2.0) | 903 (2.1) | 0.002 | 521 (1.3) | 572 (1.3) | 0.61 | 434 (1.0) | 475 (1.0) | 0.71 |
| VTE | 1161 (2.4) | 1017 (2.3) | 0.238 | 945 (2.2) | 714 (1.7) | 0.24 | 557 (1.4) | 505 (1.2) | 0.008 | 450 (1.1) | 512 (1.1) | 0.83 |
| Frailty | 4302 (9.0) | 2700 (6.1) | <0.001 | 5598 (13.0) | 4364 (10.4) | <0.001 | 10 163 (24.8) | 7175 (16.4) | <0.001 | 11 223 (26.3) | 8409 (17.5) | <0.001 |
Values are expressed number (%) unless otherwise indicated.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; HTN, hypertension; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; PCD, pulmonary circulatory disease; VTE, venous thromboembolism.