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Matrix-free formation techniques. (A) In the liquid overlay technique (LOT), cells are seeded onto a surface that prevents adhesion, encouraging cell–cell adhesion. (B) In the hanging drop technique, cells are suspended in drops from the underside of a culture plate lid. (C) In the spinner flask technique, rotational motion encourages cell–cell adhesion. (D) In the magnetic levitation technique, cells take in magnetic nanoparticles and are aggregated by magnetic force.
