Table 1.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of the overall cohort and the propensity score-matched population according to previous RASi treatment.
| Overall Cohort | PS Cohort | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RASi N(%)/M(IQR) |
RASi-Free N(%)/M(IQR) |
p-Value | RASi N(%)/M(IQR) |
RASi-Free N(%)/M(IQR) |
p-Value | |
| N | 282 | 490 | 113 | 113 | ||
| Age (years) | 75 (66–83) | 64 (50–75) | <0.001 | 73 (64–84) | 73 (61–85) | 0.61 |
| Age ≥ 65 years old | 221 (78.4) | 243 (49.6) | <0.001 | 84 (74.3) | 80 (70.8) | 0.65 |
| Male | 170 (60.3) | 274 (55.9) | 0.27 | 68 (60.2) | 61 (54) | 0.42 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (N = 662) | 28 (25–33) | 27 (24–31) | 0.004 | 27 (24–31) | 26 (24–31) | 0.69 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) on admission (N = 756) | 68 (44–84) | 88 (68.5–102.5) | <0.001 | 70 (44–84) | 77 (43–93) | 0.26 |
| eGFR ≥ 90 | 45 (16) | 231 (48.6) | 22 (19.6) | 35 (30.9) | 0.07 | |
| 60 ≤ eGFR < 90 | 122 (43.4) | 143 (30.1) | 44 (39.3) | 32 (28.3) | 0.11 | |
| 30 ≤ eGFR < 60 | 76 (27) | 66 (13.9) | 32 (28.6) | 27 (23.9) | 0.51 | |
| eGFR < 30 | 38 (13.5) | 35 (7.4) | 14 (12.5) | 19 (16.8) | 0.47 | |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||||
| Hypertension (N = 769) | 273 (96.8) | 158 (32.4) | <0.001 | 104 (92) | 104 (92) | 1 |
| Diabetes (N = 769) | 134 (47.5) | 85 (17.5) | <0.001 | 40 (35.4) | 34 (30.1) | 0.48 |
| Dyslipidemia (N = 769) | 166 (58.9) | 107 (21.9) | <0.001 | 60 (53.1) | 56 (49.6) | 0.69 |
| Smoking (history or current) (N = 671) | 70 (27.9) | 85 (20.2) | 0.029 | 35 (31) | 34 (30.1) | 1 |
| Obesity (N = 690) | 107 (42.1) | 134 (30.7) | 0.003 | 35 (31) | 35 (31) | 1 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Heart disease (N = 768) | 83 (29.4) | 41 (8.4) | <0.001 | 22 (19.5) | 23 (20.3) | 1 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 65 (23) | 26 (5.3) | <0.001 | 14 (12.4) | 12 (10.6) | 0.83 |
| Chronic heart failure | 24 (8.5) | 19 (3.9) | 0.011 | 7 (6.2) | 10 (8.8) | 0.61 |
| HFrEF | 16 (5.7) | 8 (1.6) | 0.004 | 4 (3.5) | 4 (3.5) | 1 |
| Chronic kidney disease (N = 769) | 61 (21.6) | 51 (10.5) | <0.001 | 26 (23) | 31 (27.4) | 0.54 |
| Chronic respiratory disease (N = 769) | 35 (12.4) | 56 (11.5) | 0.80 | 12 (10.6) | 16 (14.2) | 0.53 |
| COPD | 22 (7.8) | 23 (4.7) | 0.11 | 8 (7.1) | 10 (8.9) | 0.79 |
| Active cancer | 19 (6.7) | 34 (6.9) | 1 | 5 (4.4) | 11 (9.7) | 0.20 |
| Cognitive impairment (N = 768) | 48 (17.1) | 47 (9.7) | 0.003 | 18 (15.9) | 20 (17.7) | 0.85 |
| VTE (N = 769) | 27 (9.6) | 31 (6.4) | 0.138 | 13 (11.5) | 14 (12.4) | 1 |
| Admission treatment | ||||||
| Antithrombotic treatment on admission | 159 (56.8) | 108 (22.2) | <0.001 | 55 (48.7) | 53 (46.9) | 0.89 |
| Antiplatelet (N = 766) | 107 (38.4) | 61 (12.5) | <0.001 | 40 (35.4) | 28 (24.8) | 0.11 |
| Anticoagulation (N = 765) | 61 (21.9) | 57 (11.7) | <0.001 | 16 (14.2) | 28 (24.8) | 0.07 |
| Antihypertensive drugs (N = 767) | ||||||
| Diuretics | 116 (41.4) | 60 (12.3) | <0.001 | 42 (37.2) | 41 (36.3) | 1 |
| Beta-blockers | 121 (43.4) | 94 (19.3) | <0.001 | 46 (40.7) | 52 (46) | 0.50 |
| COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||||
| Positive PCR | 282 (100) | 490 (100) | - | 113 (100) | 113 (100) | |
| Low-dose chest CT | 230 (81.6) | 388 (79.2) | 0.42 * | 91 (97.8) | 81 (94.2) | 0.38 * |
| normal | 3 (1.3) | 14 (3.6) | 2 (2.2) | 5 (5.8) | ||
| uncertain abnormalities | 5 (2.2) | 7 (1.8) | 2 (2.2) | 3 (3.5) | ||
| minimal abnormalities (<10%) | 33 (14.3) | 51 (13.1) | 14 (15) | 9 (10.5) | ||
| moderate abnormalities (10–25%) | 78 (33.9) | 128 (33) | 27 (29) | 33 (38.4) | ||
| important abnormalities (25–50%) | 54 (23.5) | 108 (27.8) | 29 (31.2) | 19 (22.1) | ||
| severe abnormalities (50–75%) | 43 (18.7) | 65 (16.8) | 16 (17.2) | 14 (16.3) | ||
| critical abnormalities (>75%) | 14 (6.1) | 15 (3.9) | 3 (3.2) | 3 (3.5) | ||
| COVID-19 infection severity indicators | ||||||
| Oxygen therapy flow rate of >5 L/min | 172 (61) | 247 (50.4) | 0.015 | 67 (59.8) | 55 (51.4) | 0.26 |
| Intubation/HNFO therapy/NIV | 82 (29.1) | 151 (30.8) | 0.67 | 38 (33.6) | 30 (26.5) | 0.31 |
| Intubation | 80 (28.4) | 140 (28.6) | 1 | 38 (33.6) | 26 (23) | 0.10 |
| HFNO therapy/NIV | 11(3.9) | 2 (0.4) | 0.14 | 0 | 4 (3.5) | 0.12 |
| CT scan extension > 25% (N = 618) | 111 (48.3) | 188 (48.5) | 1 | 0 | 4 (3.5) | 0.12 |
| CRP ≥ 100 mg/L (N = 746) | 182 (65.7) | 293 (62.5) | 0.42 | 71 (64.5) | 68 (60.2) | 0.59 |
| D-dimer count ≥ 1500 µg/L (N = 350) | 99 (76.1) | 151 (68.6) | 0.16 | 48 (82.8) | 35 (70) | 0.18 |
| Lymphopenia < 1000/µL (N = 753) | 208 (174) | 347 (73.5) | 0.95 | 85 (75.9) | 86 (77.5) | 0.90 |
| hs-cTnl ≥ 100 ng/L (N = 376) | 37 (24.8) | 40 (17.6) | 0.12 | 14 (20.9) | 12 (21.4) | 1 |
BMI: Body mass index; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; CT: Computed tomography; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFrEF: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFNO: High-flow nasal oxygen; hs-cTnl: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin; IQR: Interquartile range; M: Median; N: Number; NHF: Nasal high-flow; NIV: Noninvasive ventilation; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; PS: Propensity score; RASi: Renin–angiotensin system inhibitor; VTE: Venous thromboembolism. * The p-value represents the difference between groups in the number of low-dose CT scans performed. Bold: significant p values and variables.