NBBAL	nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage
CDC	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CI	confidence interval
CoNS	coagulase-negative staphylococcus
CVC	central venous catheter
CGMH	Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
GNB	gram-negative bacteremia
HAIs	healthcare-associated infections
LOD	late-onset disease
MDR	multidrug-resistant
MDR–VAP	MDR-associated VAP
NTISS	Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System
OR	odds ratio
TPN	total parenteral nutrition
VAP	ventilator-associated pneumonia