Table 1.
Patient characteristics of the study population
| Total (n = 113) | HFpEF (n = 85, 75%) | HFmrEF (n = 28, 25%) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 72.6 ± 8.1 | 73.7 ± 8.0 | 69.2 ± 7.7 | 0.01 |
| Women | 58 (51%) | 50 (59%) | 8 (29%) | 0.005 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.7 ± 5.7 | 30.3 ± 5.7 | 28.3 ± 5.5 | 0.12 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 89 (78%) | 70 (82%) | 19 (68%) | 0.10 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 23 (20%) | 15 (18%) | 8 (29%) | |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 64 (57%) | 54 (64%) | 10 (36%) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 45 (40%) | 35 (41%) | 10 (36%) | 0.6 |
| Renal dysfunction a | 54 (48%) | 41 (48%) | 13 (46%) | 0.9 |
| COPD | 21 (19%) | 15 (18%) | 6 (21%) | 0.7 |
| NYHA HF class | 0.2 | |||
| II | 61 (54%) | 43 (51%) | 18 (64%) | |
| III | 52 (46%) | 42 (49%) | 10 (36%) | |
| Previous HF hospitalization | 48 (43%) | 35 (41%) | 13 (46%) | 0.6 |
| Baseline laboratory values | ||||
| NT‐proBNP (pg/mL) | 1367 (710–2452) | 1312 (687–2344) | 1611 (744–2843) | 0.9 |
| Current medication | ||||
| Beta‐blockers | 99 (88%) | 24 (86%) | 75 (88%) | 0.7 |
| ACEi/ARB | 72 (64%) | 52 (61%) | 20 (71%) | 0.3 |
| MRA | 42 (37%) | 30 (35%) | 12 (43%) | 0.5 |
| Diuretics | 102 (90%) | 76 (89%) | 26 (93%) | 0.6 |
| Holter data | ||||
| AF as basal rhythm | 42 (37%) | 35 (42%) | 7 (25%) | 0.12 |
| Mean heart rate (bpm) | 72 ± 13 | 73 ± 13 | 69 ± 12 | 0.3 |
| PVC ≥1000/24 h | 27 (24%) | 19 (23%) | 8 (29%) | 0.5 |
| Non‐sustained VT | 20 (18%) | 12 (15%) | 8 (29%) | 0.09 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 54 ± 6 | 56 ± 5 | 45 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 46 ± 16 | 46 ± 14 | 47 ± 21 | 0.8 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 102 ± 37 | 102 ± 39 | 103 ± 34 | 0.9 |
ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PVC, premature ventricular complex; VT, ventricular tachyarrhythmia.
a
Defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.