Figure 3. Excitation‐contraction coupling is defective in HFrEF and enhanced in HFpEF.

A, simultaneous recordings of I _Ca,L (upper) and fluo‐4 CaTs (lower) upon depolarisation to 0 mV. B and C, pooled results for I _Ca,L amplitude from 7 control, 6 HFrEF and 9 HFpEF rats (B), and triggered CaT amplitude (ΔF/F _0c) (C). D, EC coupling gain expressed as amplitude of the CaT (ΔF/F _0c) divided by peak I _Ca (pA pF⁻¹) at 0 mV. E, summary plots of CaT (ΔF/F _0c) induced by caffeine (10 mm) to assess SR Ca²⁺ stores. Results are shown as means + SD. Statistics are calculated by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]