Table 2.

Summary of nephrotoxicity of microcystins crude extracts in mammalian studies in vivo.

Test Organism/System	Exposure	Toxicant	Concentration/Dose	Time Point	Toxic Effects	References
Male rats	I.P.	Microcystis cell extracts	0.5, 1.0, 2.0 LD50	-	BUN↑, SCr↑, LDH↓, GPT↓, followed with hematuria, albuminuria and bilirubinuria	Bhattacharya et al. [76]
Male KM mice	I.P.	Cyanobacterial crude extracts	0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg	10, 24 h	BUN↑, SCr↑, T-AOC↓, microstructural damage	Pan et al. [77]
Balb/c mice	I.P.	Cyanobacterial crude extracts	180 and 195 mg/mL	2, 4, 24 h	Microstructural damage	Humpage et al. [78]
Male Wistar rats	I.V.	Cyanobacterial crude extracts	86.7 μg MC-LR eq/kg	1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h	mRNA of c-fos ↑, c-jun↑ and c-mys↑; protein of c-fos↑, c-jun↑	Li et al. [38]
Wistar rats	I.V.	Cyanobacterial crude extracts	80 μg MC-LR eq/kg	1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h	Modulation of CAT, Mn-SOD, Cu, Zn-SOD,GR, GPX, γ-GCS transcription	Xiong et al. [29]
Wistar rats	I.V.	Cyanobacterial crude extracts	87 μg MC-LR eq/kg	1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h	Modulation of 14 GSTs transcription	Li et al. [79]
KM mice	I.G.	Cyanobacterial crude extracts	0.1 mL	1 month	Microstructural damage	Yang et al. [80]
Wistar rats	P.O.	Cyanobacterial crude extracts	136 and 928 μg MC-LR eq/kg	28 days	Ultrastructural damage, MDA↑, GR↑ and LPO↑	Adamovsky et al. [81]

I.P. = intraperitoneal; I.V. = intravenous; ↑ = effect increase; ↓ = effect decrease; - = not determined.