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. 2020 Oct 31;12(11):693. doi: 10.3390/toxins12110693

Table 3.

Summary of nephrotoxicity of pure microcystin-LR in mammalian studies in vivo.

Test Organism/System Exposure Concentration/Dose Time Point Toxic Effects References
SD rats I.P. 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, 180, 200, or 400 μg/kg 1, 12, 24 h BUN↑, SCr↑, ALT↑, AST↑, TBIL↑, followed with ultrastructural damage Hooser et al. [82]
Wistar rats I.P. 55 μg/kg 24 h Glomerular filtration rate↑, albuminuria↑, ROS↑ and Na+ reabsorption↓, microstructural and ultrastructural damage Lowe et al. [84]
Balb/c mice I.P. 22, 43 μg/kg 0.5, 4 h Kidney relative weight↑, UA↑ Lei et al. [85]
KM mice I.P. 10 μg/kg 13 days ALT↑, AST↑, ALP↑,BUN↑, SCr↑, MDA↑, LPO↑ and microstructural damage Xu et al. [86]
KM mice I.P. 3, 6, 12 μg/kg 7 days Kidney absolute weight↓, Kidney relative weight↑, DNA-protein crosslinking↑ and protein carbonyl↑ Dong et al. [88]
ICR mice I.P. 20 μg/kg 21 days Apoptosis, CHOP↓, caspase-12↓, Bcl-2↑ Qin et al. [36]
Wistar rats I.P. 100, 150 μg/kg 8 h GSH-Px↓, GR↓, SOD↓, CAT↓, LPO↑ Moreno et al. [90]
KM mice I.P. 5 μg/kg 15 days MDA↑, GSH↓, SOD↓, CAT↓ Han et al. [91]
KM mice I.P. 30 μg/kg 1, 4, 8 h ALT↑, SOD↑, CAT↑, BUN first↓ then↑, and all the biochemical indicators are reversible Li et al. [92]
SD rats I.P. 30 μg/kg 1, 3, 7, 12 h Microstructural damage Li et al. [92]
Male mice I.P. 25μg/kg 1, 2 months Kidney relative weight↑, GSH↓, GPH-Px↓, SOD↓, CAT↓, NOx↑ and partial of indicators are reversible after one month’s cleaning period Sedan et al. [93]
C57BL/6 mice P.O. 1, 30, 60, 90,120 μg/L 3, 6 months BUN↓, microstructural and ultrastructural damage Yi et al. [30]
Wistar rats I.P. 10 μg/L 8 months Microstructural damage Milutinović et al. [94]
Wistar rats I.P. 10 μg/L 8 months Microstructural damage, apoptosis↑, cytoskeleton disruption↑ Milutinović et al. [95]

I.P. = intraperitoneal; P.O. = peroral; ↑ = effect increase; ↓ = effect decrease.