Table 3.
Test Organism/System | Exposure | Concentration/Dose | Time Point | Toxic Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD rats | I.P. | 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, 180, 200, or 400 μg/kg | 1, 12, 24 h | BUN↑, SCr↑, ALT↑, AST↑, TBIL↑, followed with ultrastructural damage | Hooser et al. [82] |
Wistar rats | I.P. | 55 μg/kg | 24 h | Glomerular filtration rate↑, albuminuria↑, ROS↑ and Na+ reabsorption↓, microstructural and ultrastructural damage | Lowe et al. [84] |
Balb/c mice | I.P. | 22, 43 μg/kg | 0.5, 4 h | Kidney relative weight↑, UA↑ | Lei et al. [85] |
KM mice | I.P. | 10 μg/kg | 13 days | ALT↑, AST↑, ALP↑,BUN↑, SCr↑, MDA↑, LPO↑ and microstructural damage | Xu et al. [86] |
KM mice | I.P. | 3, 6, 12 μg/kg | 7 days | Kidney absolute weight↓, Kidney relative weight↑, DNA-protein crosslinking↑ and protein carbonyl↑ | Dong et al. [88] |
ICR mice | I.P. | 20 μg/kg | 21 days | Apoptosis, CHOP↓, caspase-12↓, Bcl-2↑ | Qin et al. [36] |
Wistar rats | I.P. | 100, 150 μg/kg | 8 h | GSH-Px↓, GR↓, SOD↓, CAT↓, LPO↑ | Moreno et al. [90] |
KM mice | I.P. | 5 μg/kg | 15 days | MDA↑, GSH↓, SOD↓, CAT↓ | Han et al. [91] |
KM mice | I.P. | 30 μg/kg | 1, 4, 8 h | ALT↑, SOD↑, CAT↑, BUN first↓ then↑, and all the biochemical indicators are reversible | Li et al. [92] |
SD rats | I.P. | 30 μg/kg | 1, 3, 7, 12 h | Microstructural damage | Li et al. [92] |
Male mice | I.P. | 25μg/kg | 1, 2 months | Kidney relative weight↑, GSH↓, GPH-Px↓, SOD↓, CAT↓, NOx↑ and partial of indicators are reversible after one month’s cleaning period | Sedan et al. [93] |
C57BL/6 mice | P.O. | 1, 30, 60, 90,120 μg/L | 3, 6 months | BUN↓, microstructural and ultrastructural damage | Yi et al. [30] |
Wistar rats | I.P. | 10 μg/L | 8 months | Microstructural damage | Milutinović et al. [94] |
Wistar rats | I.P. | 10 μg/L | 8 months | Microstructural damage, apoptosis↑, cytoskeleton disruption↑ | Milutinović et al. [95] |
I.P. = intraperitoneal; P.O. = peroral; ↑ = effect increase; ↓ = effect decrease.