Table 2. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralising antibodies in adults and association with sociodemographic, exposure and clinical characteristics, Kupferzell, Germany, 20 May–9 June 2020 (n = 2,203).
| Prevalence of positive results in both IgG-ELISA (ratio ≥ 1.1) and prNT |
IgG-ELISA-positive (ratio ≥ 1.1) |
Seroprevalence: prevalence of IgG ratio ≥ 1.1 corrected for sensitivity 88.3% and specificity 99.2% |
OR for being IgG-seropositive adjusted for age group and sex | Distribution among seropositivesa
(IgG-ELISA; n = 249) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Weighted % | 95% CI | n | Prevalence, weighted % |
Weighted % | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | Weighted % | 95% CI | |
| Total | 167 | 7.7 | 6.5–9.1 | 249 | 11.3 | 12.0 | 10.4–14.0 | Nd | Nd | ||
| Female | 96 | 8.7 | 7.1–10.7 | 136 | 12.2 | 13.0 | 10.8–15.6 | 1 | Reference | 52.1 | 46.1–58.1 |
| Male | 71 | 6.7 | 5.2–8.5 | 113 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 9.0–13.6 | 0.86 | 0.67–1.12 | 47.9 | 41.9–53.9 |
| Age female | |||||||||||
| 18–34 years | 23 | 5.4 | 3.5–8.1 | 31 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 5.1–11.3 | 1 | Reference | 15.5 | 10.8–21.7 |
| 35–49 years | 20 | 7.2 | 4.6–11.1 | 39 | 14.3 | 15.4 | 11.0–21.0 | 2.04 | 1.21–3.44 | 27.6 | 20.6–36.0 |
| 50–64 years | 30 | 10.3 | 7.3–14.4 | 39 | 13.4 | 14.4 | 10.4–19.5 | 1.90 | 1.16–3.12 | 31.3 | 23.8–39.9 |
| ≥ 65 | 23 | 12.0 | 8.1–17.5 | 27 | 13.7 | 14.8 | 10.0–21.2 | 1.95 | 1.12–3.42 | 25.5 | 18.2–34.5 |
| Age male | |||||||||||
| 18–34 years | 25 | 7.2 | 4.7–10.8 | 40 | 11.3 | 12.0 | 8.2–17.1 | 1 | Reference | 28.6 | 20.7–38.1 |
| 35–49 years | 6 | 2.4 | 1.0–5.3 | 11 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 1.9–8.4 | 0.37 | 0.18–0.78 | 11.2 | 6.2–19.6 |
| 50–64 years | 23 | 8.1 | 5.4–12.0 | 37 | 12.9 | 13.9 | 9.9–19.0 | 1.16 | 0.70–1.93 | 34.7 | 26.2–44.3 |
| ≥ 65 | 17 | 9.8 | 6.1–15.3 | 25 | 14.2 | 15.3 | 10.2–22.3 | 1.30 | 0.73–2.32 | 25.5 | 17.6–35.4 |
| Secondary school education | |||||||||||
| Lower | 61 | 9.0 | 6.7–11.8 | 82 | 11.6 | 12.3 | 9.7–15.5 | 0.92 | 0.62–1.35 | 43.3 | 36.5–50.3 |
| Middle | 58 | 8.4 | 6.2–11.2 | 86 | 12.2 | 13.0 | 10.3–16.3 | 1.10 | 0.78–1.55 | 30.0 | 24.5–36.1 |
| Higher | 46 | 6.0 | 4.2–8.6 | 78 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 8.6–14.4 | 1 | Reference | 26.8 | 21.5–32.8 |
| Household size | |||||||||||
| 1 person | 14 | 6.8 | 4.0–11.3 | 21 | 9.6 | 10.1 | 6.2–15.7 | 0.79 | 0.46–1.37 | 9.6 | 6.2–14.5 |
| 2 persons | 57 | 8.0 | 6.0–10.6 | 82 | 11.5 | 12.2 | 9.5–15.5 | 1 | Reference | 34.5 | 27.9–41.8 |
| 3–4 persons | 71 | 8.3 | 6.4–10.7 | 106 | 12.1 | 12.9 | 10.2–16.2 | 1.29 | 0.90–1.84 | 41.5 | 34.4–48.9 |
| > 4 persons | 23 | 6.2 | 3.7–10.2 | 37 | 10.7 | 11.4 | 7.1–17.4 | 1.13 | 0.67–1.90 | 14.4 | 9.5–21.2 |
| Exposures | |||||||||||
| Working with patients | 23 | 12.0 | 8.0–17.6 | 30 | 14.9 | 16.1 | 10.9–23.0 | 1.41 | 0.90–2.22 | 13.3 | 9.3–18.8 |
| Working with customers | 31 | 7.7 | 5.2–11.1 | 48 | 11.9 | 12.7 | 9.2–17.2 | 1.16 | 0.79–1.71 | 22.7 | 17.1–29.5 |
| Travelled abroad since 1 January | 31 | 8.9 | 5.8–13.5 | 58 | 16.7 | 18.1 | 13.3–24.2 | 1.93 | 1.31–2.83 | 21.9 | 16.4–28.7 |
| Event with ≥ 50 persons | 68 | 11.9 | 9.3–15.2 | 102 | 17.2 | 18.8 | 15.0–23.1 | 2.24 | 1.63–3.07 | 39.8 | 33.2–46.7 |
| Quarantine or isolation | |||||||||||
| Voluntary | 28 | 11.8 | 8.1–16.9 | 40 | 17.3 | 18.9 | 13.7–25.5 | 3.34 | 2.17–5.15 | 18.4 | 13.5–24.5 |
| Mandated | 80 | 25.4 | 20.5–31.1 | 104 | 33.1 | 36.9 | 30.4–44.1 | 8.68 | 6.00–12.55 | 42.5 | 35.4–50.0 |
| Self-reported health | |||||||||||
| Very good | 57 | 7.7 | 5.9–10.0 | 95 | 13.1 | 14.0 | 11.2–17.5 | 1.41 | 1.04–1.90 | 36.0 | 30.0–42.4 |
| Good | 92 | 8.1 | 6.5–10.1 | 127 | 11.1 | 11.8 | 9.6–14.3 | 1 | Reference | 53.2 | 46.8–59.6 |
| Moderate/bad/very bad | 15 | 6.3 | 3.8–10.2 | 23 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 6.2–14.9 | 0.69 | 0.42–1.14 | 10.8 | 7.2–15.8 |
| Medical conditions | |||||||||||
| Self-reported COVID-19 | 34 | 71.6 | 57.8–82.3 | 43 | 89.0 | 100.8 | 88.0–107.5 | 81.20 | 34.78–189.55 | 19.2 | 14.2–25.4 |
| Chronic conditionsb | 53 | 8.9 | 6.7–11.7 | 71 | 11.6 | 12.3 | 9.5–15.8 | 0.78 | 0.55–1.10 | 35.4 | 28.9–42.4 |
| Symptoms since 1 February | |||||||||||
| Fever ≥ 38 °C | 66 | 32.7 | 26.0–40.3 | 77 | 38.4 | 42.9 | 34.8–51.7 | 6.82 | 4.78–9.72 | 31.4 | 25.4–38.2 |
| Dyspnoea, shortness of breath |
28 | 19.4 | 13.4–27.3 | 36 | 25.8 | 28.5 | 20.6–38.2 | 2.80 | 1.81–4.33 | 14.6 | 10.5–20.1 |
| Pneumonia | Nd | 4 | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |||||
| Congested/running nose | 74 | 11.6 | 9.0–14.8 | 102 | 16.0 | 17.3 | 13.9–21.4 | 1.88 | 1.39–2.56 | 39.0 | 32.7–45.7 |
| Cough | 76 | 14.1 | 11.1–17.7 | 101 | 18.6 | 20.4 | 16.5–25.0 | 2.34 | 1.73–3.17 | 39.9 | 33.5–46.7 |
| Pain when breathing | 13 | 17.0 | 10.0–27.5 | 17 | 22.9 | 25.3 | 15.4–38.6 | 2.39 | 1.31–4.36 | 6.8 | 4.2–10.9 |
| Sore throat | 55 | 10.1 | 7.6–13.1 | 68 | 12.5 | 13.3 | 10.2–17.2 | 1.20 | 0.86–1.68 | 25.7 | 20.3–31.9 |
| Loss of smell or taste | 69 | 54.9 | 45.8–63.7 | 92 | 71.5 | 80.8 | 70.8–89.3 | 30.49 | 19.68–47.25 | 36.5 | 30.2–43.3 |
| No symptoms | 24 | 2.6 | 1.7–4.0 | 55 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 3.9–7.6 | 1 | Reference | 24.5 | 18.9–31.1 |
| Mild symptoms only | 113 | 12.6 | 10.3–15.4 | 152 | 16.6 | 18.1 | 15.0–21.6 | 3.77 | 2.62–5.42 | 59.4 | 52.4–66.1 |
| Moderate or severe symptoms (pneumonia, dyspnoea) | 29 | 19.2 | 13.3–26.8 | 39 | 26.8 | 29.7 | 21.8–39.2 | 6.30 | 3.85–10.30 | 16.1 | 11.7–21.7 |
CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Nd: not done; OR: odds ratio; prNT: plaque reduction neutralisation tests; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
a Not corrected for sensitivity and specificity.
b Lung or heart disease, diabetes, stroke, hypertension, immunodeficiency.
Complementary categories are not always shown, e.g. ‘not working with patients’ and missing values not shown, therefore n do not always add up to the total.