Table 2.
Concentration (nmol/g FW) of organosulfur compounds presented in fresh and black garlic samples at different stages during the simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Data are expressed as mean values (n = 6).
| Organosulfur Compounds. | BOD | AOD | % Recovery | AGD | % Recovery | AID | % Recovery-Bioaccessibility | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fresh Garlic | ||||||||
| γ-Glutamyl-S-Alk(en)yl-L-Cysteine Derivatives (GSAk) | ||||||||
| γ-Glutamyl-S-(2-carboxypropyl) cysteine-glycine | 287 a | 253 a | 88.2 | 163 b | 56.9 | 71 c | 24.6 | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-(S-1-propenyl) cysteine-glycine | 159.0 a | 65.6 b | 41.3 | 45.5 c | 28.6 | 11.3 d | 7.1 | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-(S-methyl) cysteine-glycine | 10.3 a | 4.0 b | 39.0 | 2.2 c | 21.3 | 0.8 d | 8.0 | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine (GSMC) | 1580 a | 1490 a | 94.3 | 899 b | 56.9 | 598 c | 37.9 | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-(propenyl) cysteine (GS1PC) | 6.7 a | 3.5 b | 52.3 | 2.7 b | 40.3 | 1.5 c | 22.8 | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine (GSAC) | 13,714 a | 8837 b | 64.4 | 5849 c | 42.7 | 3328 d | 24.3 | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-allylmercaptocysteine (GSAMC) | 343 a | 158 b | 46.0 | 97 c | 28.1 | 35 d | 10.2 | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-cysteine | 36.1 a | 19.3 b | 53.5 | 10.6 c | 29.3 | 4.4 d | 12.2 | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (GSMCS) | 17.0 a | 14.5 b | 85.3 | 13.0 b | 76.1 | 13.0 b | 76.6 | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-(1-propenyl) cysteine sulfoxide (G1PCS) | 1311 a | 1142 a | 87.1 | 706 b | 53.8 | 526 b | 40.1 | *** |
| Total GSAk Derivatives | 17,464 a | 11,987 b | 68.6 | 7788 c | 44.6 | 4589 d | 26.3 | *** |
| S-Alk(en)yl-L-Cysteine Derivatives (SACs) | ||||||||
| S-Methylcysteine (Deoxymethiin) | 534 a | 270 b | 50.7 | 118 c | 22.1 | 52 d | 9.8 | *** |
| S-Allylcysteine (SAC) | 1144 a | 1017 a | 88.9 | 384 c | 33.6 | 696 b | 60.8 | *** |
| S-(2-Carboxypropyl) cysteine | 88 a | 50 b | 57.0 | 34 c | 38.4 | 21 d | 24.1 | *** |
| S-allylglutathione (SAG) | 2.7 a | 1.4 b | 52.9 | 0.8 c | 29.2 | 0.4 d | 14.2 | *** |
| trans-S-(1-Propenyl)-L-cysteine (S1PC) | 2909 a | 1868 b | 64.2 | 1216 c | 41.8 | 662 d | 22.8 | *** |
| S-Allylmercapto-L-cysteine (SAMC) | 164 c | 256 b | 156.4 | 296 b | 181.1 | 539 a | 329.3 | *** |
| S-Allylsulfenic acid (Lacrimatory factor) | 1517 a | 887 b | 58.5 | 624 c | 41.2 | 291 d | 19.2 | *** |
| Alliin | 41,706 a | 11,621 b | 27.9 | 5937 c | 14.2 | 2207 c | 5.3 | *** |
| S-Methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (Methiin) | 4425 a | 2651 b | 59.9 | 2176 c | 49.2 | 1668 d | 37.7 | *** |
| S-Propyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (Propiin) | 26.89 a | 3.7 b | 13.7 | 1.9 bc | 7.2 | 0.9 c | 3.2 | *** |
| Cycloalliin | 5251 a | 2741 b | 52.2 | 1855 c | 35.3 | 771 d | 14.7 | *** |
| Methionine sulfoxide | 14.5 a | 8.4 c | 57.9 | 8.7 c | 60.0 | 10.5 b | 72.4 | *** |
| N-Acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine (NASAC) | 60.3 b | 69.1 a | 114.7 | 37.5 c | 62.2 | 10.4 d | 17.2 | *** |
| Total SACs Derivatives | 57,842 a | 21,444 | 37.1 | 12,689 c | 22.0 | 6929 d | 12.0 | *** |
| Total OS Compounds | 75,306 a | 33,431 b | 44.4 | 20,477 c | 27.2 | 11,518 d | 15.3 | *** |
| Black Garlic | ||||||||
| γ-Glutamyl-S-Alk(en)yl-L-Cysteine (GSAk) | ||||||||
| γ-Glutamyl-S-(S-1-propenyl) cysteine-glycine | 119 a | 120 a | 100.9 | 120 a | 101.1 | nd | - | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine (GSMC) | 199 a | 206 a | 103.7 | 200 a | 100.7 | nd | - | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine (GSAC) | 4393 a | 3900 ab | 88.8 | 3597 b | 81.9 | 934 c | 21.3 | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-allylmercaptocysteine (GSAMC) | 504 a | 510 a | 101.2 | 560 a | 111.3 | 287 b | 57.1 | *** |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (GSMCS) | 380 | 384 | 101.1 | 340 | 89.4 | 338 | 88.9 | ns |
| γ-Glutamyl-S-(1-propenyl) cysteine sulfoxide (G1PCS) | 3452 a | 3346 a | 96.9 | 2645 b | 76.6 | 2305 b | 66.8 | *** |
| Total GSAk Derivatives | 9046 a | 8466 a | 93.6 | 7463 b | 82.5 | 3864 c | 42.7 | *** |
| S-Alk(en)yl-L-Cysteine (SACs) | ||||||||
| S-methyl cysteine (Deoxymethiin) | 168 b | 166 b | 98.7 | 218 a | 129.8 | nd | - | *** |
| S-Allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) | 7683 a | 6189 b | 80.5 | 4066 c | 52.9 | 2803 d | 36.5 | *** |
| S-(2-carboxypropyl) cysteine | 115 b | 116 b | 100.7 | 149 a | 130.3 | nd | - | *** |
| S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine (SAMC) | 408 ab | 358 b | 87.7 | 224 c | 54.9 | 434 a | 106.4 | *** |
| S-allylglutathione | 46.6 a | 43.6 a | 93.6 | nd | - | nd | - | |
| trans-S-(1-Propenyl)-L-cysteine (S1PC) | 205 c | 198 c | 96.6 | 243 b | 118.5 | 310 a | 151.2 | *** |
| S-allylsulfenic acid (Lacrimatory factor) | 935 a | 818 ab | 87.5 | 648 b | 69.4 | 895 a | 95.7 | ** |
| S-(S-propyl) cysteine | 229 b | 355 a | 155.3 | nd | - | nd | - | *** |
| Alliin | 5611 a | 4735 ab | 84.4 | 4423 b | 78.8 | 4302 b | 76.7 | ** |
| S-methyl-cysteine sulfoxide (Methiin) | 243 a | 255 a | 104.9 | 235 a | 96.6 | nd | - | *** |
| Methionine sulfoxide | 502 b | 535 b | 106.6 | 411 c | 81.9 | 1314 a | 262.0 | *** |
| Total SACs Derivatives | 16,145 a | 13,768 b | 85.3 | 10,617 c | 65.8 | 10,059 c | 62.3 | *** |
| Total OS Compounds | 25,191 a | 22,234 b | 88.3 | 18,080 c | 71.8 | 13,923 d | 55.3 | *** |
Different letters (one-way ANOVA) denote significant differences (p < 0.05) among the five stages for the same compound. Ns, non-significant; ** p-value < 0.01; *** p-value < 0.001. nd, No-detected. BOD, Before Oral Digestion; AOD, After Oral Digestion; AGD, After Gastric Digestion; AID, After Intestinal Digestion.