Figure 6.

Giant nuclear integrants of plastid DNA (NUPTs) and mitochondrial DNA (NUMTs) were involved in environmental adaptation in Asian rice.

(a, b) Distributions of nupt25 (a) and numt27 (b) in Asian rice natural populations. The colors green, brown and orange in the pie charts represent the presence of NUPT, the presence of NUMT, and the absence of both NUPT and NUMT, respectively. The size of the circles represents the number of rice accessions on a logarithmic scale.

(c, d) The highly differentiated giant NUPTs (c) and NUMTs (d) were found in significantly higher proportions among rice samples from high latitudes than in those from low latitudes.

(e–h) The presence/absence polymorphisms of highly differentiated NUPTs (e and f) and NUMTs (g and h) show strong associations with annual mean temperature (e and g) and annual mean solar radiation (f and h). The center of the box plot and the edges indicate median and 25th or 75th percentiles, respectively, whereas the whiskers indicate the median ± 1.5 × IQR (interquartile range). Single and double asterisks represent significant differences, determined by Mann–Whitney U‐test, at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.