Figure 2.

Action mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of melittin. Melittin inhibits the routes of TLR2, TLR4, CD4, NEMO and PDGFRβ and therefore, inhibits the action of pro-inflammatory genes. This process results in lower levels of pro-inflammatory molecules and the reduction of inflammation. Abbreviations: TLR2, Toll-Like Receptors 2; CD4, Cluster of Differentiation 4; NEMO, nuclear factor kappa-β essential modulator; PDGFRβ, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β;