TABLE III. American distribution and bioecological characteristics of naturally intermediate hosts reported for Angiostrongylus spp.
Host species | Distribution | Diet | Microhabitat | Environment | Origin* | Human consumption | Sex | Estivation hibernation | Activity | Reprod. rate ** | Parasite |
Achatina fulica | Original of East África. In the Americas: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Caribbean Islands, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, USA,Venezuela | Polip Copro | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Exotic | Yes | Her | Yes | Noct | Hight | Aca |
Bradybaena similaris | Original of East Asia. In the Americas: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, USA | Polyp | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Exotic | No | Her | Yes | Noct | Low | Aca Aco |
Subulina octona | Original of Europe. Caribbean Sea. In South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador | Herb | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Exotic | No | Her | No | Diur | Low | Aca |
Veronicella cubensis | Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles | Herb | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | No | Noct | Low | Aca |
Thelidomus aspera | Jamaica | Herb | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | Unknown | Diur | Low | Aca |
Pleudodonte sp. | Jamaica | Herb | Domiciliary | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | Unknown | Diur | Low | Aca |
Sagda sp | Jamaica | Herb | Domiciliary | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | Unknown | Diur | Low | Aca |
Poteria sp. | Jamaica | Herb | Domiciliary | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | Unknown | Diur | Low | Aca |
Pomacea lineata | Brazil, Guyana, French Guyana, Surinam | Detr | Aquatic | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Dio | Yes | Diur | Low | Aca |
Pomacea maculata | Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay | Detr | Aquatic | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Dio | Yes | Diur | Medium | Aca |
Cyclodontina fasciata | Brazil | Herb | - | Trop | Native | No | Her | Unknown | Noct | Low | Aca |
Bulimulus tenuissimus | Brazil and USA | Herb | Domiciliary | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | No | Noct | Low | Aca |
Zachrysia provisoria | Cuba and USA | Herb | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | Unknown | Noct | Low | Aca |
Alcadia striata | Caribbean Islands and USA | Herb | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | Unknown | Noct | Low | Aca |
Paropeas achatinaceum | Original of Southeast Asia. Currently in USA | Herb | Domiciliary | Trop/Subtrop | Exotic | No | Her | No | Diur | Low | Aca |
Succinea floridana | USA | Herb | Damp habitat | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | No | Diur | Low | Aca |
Ventridens demissus | USA | Herb | Domiciliary | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | No | Diur | Low | Aca |
Zonitoides arboreus | USA, Central America, Argentina | Herb | Domiciliary | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | No | Diur | Low | Aca |
Cornu aspersum | Original of Europe. Currently in Canada, USA, Mexico, Dominic Republic, Puero Rico, Guatemala, Costa Rica Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela | Herb | Domiciliary | Trop/Subtrop | Exotic | Yes | Her | Noct | Low | Aco | |
Sarasinula plebeia | Original of New Caledonia. Currently in USA, Mexico, Caribbean Islands, Central America, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,Venezuela | Herb | Domiciliary pest | Pantrop | Exotic | No | Her | Yes | Noct | Low | Aco |
Sarasinula linguaeformis | Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Ecuador, Guadalupe, Guyana, Peru | Herb | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | Yes | Noct | Low | Aco |
Limax maximus | Original of Europe. Currently in Canada, USA, Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Hawaii, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia | Herb | Domiciliary | Template | Exotic | No | Her | No | Noct | Low | Aco |
Limacus flavus | Original of Europe and Asia. Currenty in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Uruguay, USA | Herb | Domiciliary | Template | Exotic | No | He. | No | Noct | Low | Aco |
Phyllocaulis variegatus | Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay | Herb | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | Yes | Noct | - | Aco |
Phyllocaulis soleiformis | Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay | Herb | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Exotic | No | Her | Yes | Noct | Aco | |
Deroceras laeve | Original of Europe. Currently in Canada, USA, Mexico, Jamaica, Costa Rica, Hawaii, Dominica, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay | Herb | Domiciliary | Template | Exotic | No | Her | No | Noct | Aco | |
Belocaulus angustipes | USA, Honduras, Argentina, Brazil | Herb | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | Yes | Noct | Aco | |
Diplosolenodes occidentalis | Central America, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela | Herb | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Native | No | Her | Yes | Noct | Acos | |
Meghimatium pictum | Original of Eastern and Southern Asia. In South America: Argentina, Brazil | Heb | Domiciliary pest | Trop/Subtrop | Exotic | No | Her | No | Noct | Aco |
Trop/Subtrop: tropical/subtropical; Pantrop: pantropical; Reprod. rate in comp. with A. fulica: reproduction rate in comparison with A. fulica; Polyp: polyphagous; Copr: coprophagous; Herb: herbivorous; Detr: detritivorous; Her: hermaphrodite; Dio: dioco; Noct: nocturnal; Diur: diurnal; Aca: Angiostrongylus cantonensis; Aco: Angiostrongylus costaricensis. *: the terms native refers to its origin in the Americas; **: reprod. rate in comp. with A. fulica: high: > 500 eggs; medium: > 250 eggs ≤ 500 eggs; low: ≤ 250 eggs.