Table 1.

Summary of evidence for TB-IRIS treatment regimens.

Treatment	Evidence
NSAIDs	No formal trials, based on symptomatic improvement in mild cases
Corticosteroids	Randomized placebo-controlled trial that found more rapid improvement in symptoms, radiography, inflammatory markers, performance and quality of life with four week course of prednisone [100]
TNF-α Inhibitors	Two case reports found clinical improvement with infliximab in patients with TB-IRIS refractory to corticosteroids [109,111] Two case reports of adalimumab for refractory CNS TB-IRIS [112,113]
Thalidomide	Case report with three cases of steroid dependent IRIS (2 cryptococcal meningitis and one disseminated TB) that had clinical improvement and allowed steroid tapering [114] Case reports showing clinical and radiographic improvement of intracranial tuberculomas [115,116]
Montelukast	Case report of three cases of severe IRIS (one due to secondary syphilis and two related to tuberculosis) that saw clinical improvement with montelukast [110]
Pentoxifylline	Case report of one case of TB-IRIS that found clinical improvement [117]
VEGF Inhibitors	Case report of Bevacizumab used for CNS-TB-IRIS (retinal) [118]