| A | membrane area (m−2) |
| AL-FS | active-side feed solution |
| ATP | adenosine tri-phosphate |
| ATR | attenuated total reflection |
| CFt | final solute concentration (M) |
| CFt0 | Initial solute concentration (M) |
| CFV | cross-flow velocity |
| CP | concentration polarization |
| DS | draw solution |
| ECP | external concentration polarization |
| EPS | extracellular polymeric substances |
| FO | forward osmosis |
| FS | feed solution |
| FT-IR | Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| ICP | internal concentration polarization |
| Js | reverse solute flux (mol m−2 s−1) |
| Jsaver | average reverse solute flux (mol m−2 s−1) |
| Jg | reverse glycerol flux (mol m−2 s−1) |
| Js/Jw | specific reverse glycerol flux (mol m−3) |
| JWaver | average water flux (L m−2 s−1) |
| NF | nanofiltration |
| OMBR | osmotic pressure bioreactor |
| PA | polyamide |
| PES | polyethersulfone |
| RBuOH | Process butanol rejection (%) |
| RO | reverse osmosis |
| SEM | scanning electron microscopy |
| SRSF | specific reverse solute flux |
| TSS | total suspended solids |
| VFt | Final feed solution volume (L) |
| VFt0 | initial feed solution volume (L) |
| Greek letters | |
| Δt | time interval (s) |
| ΔV | volume change f feed solution (L) |
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