Table 1.
Microspore embryogenesis response to trichostatin A (TSA) application, in combination with or without different stress treatment, in two cultivars of bread wheat (Pavon and Caramba). Concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 µM TSA (0T, 0.1T, 0.2T, and 0.4T) were applied in: (A) CLD + 2hTSA: 2 h after a cold treatment, (B) MAN + 2hTSA: 2 h after a mannitol treatment, (C) CLDTSA: 7–9 days during a cold treatment, (D) MANTSA: 5 days during a 0.7 M mannitol treatment, and (E) TSA: 2 h in MS3M liquid medium. TSA was dissolved in 1% DMSO (0T). Control cultures: CLD: spikes were treated at 4 °C for 7–9 days; MAN: anthers were treated on 0.7 M mannitol at 25 °C for 5 days (See Supplementary Figure S1 for detailed information). Table shows TSA treatments means after statistical analysis of the variables: number of proembryos (PEMB), embryos (EMB), green plants (GP), and green DH plant (GPDH), all per 100 anthers, and percentages of green plants (PGP, number of green plants/total plants) and spontaneous chromosome doubling (PDH, number of DH plants/total green plants analyzed) (See Material and Methods section).
| PEMB * | EMB * | GP * | PGP (%) | PDH (%) | GPDH * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) CLD + 2hTSA | ||||||
| CLD | 67.8 a† | 14.5 a | 2.1 a | 19.7 a | 66.7 a | 1.4 a |
| C+0T | 82.9 a | 12.2 a | 1.7 a | 32.4 a | 69.9 a | 1.2 a |
| C+0.1T | 88.6 a | 15.8 a | 1.1 a | 22.0 a | 70.2 a | 0.8 a |
| C+0.2T | 66.5 a | 12.4 a | 1.2 a | 12.5 a | 83.3 a | 1.0 a |
| C+0.4T | 78.7 a | 15.2 a | 2.2 a | 13.1 a | 79.3 a | 1.8 a |
| (B) MAN + 2hTSA | ||||||
| MAN | 273.7 a | 33.8 a | 11.9 a | 70.0 a | 22.8 ab | 2.7 ab |
| M+0T | 226.4 a | 26.4 a | 7.9 a | 61.3 a | 17.3 b | 1.4 b |
| M+0.1T | 262.1 a | 32.6 a | 12.5 a | 67.2 a | 34.1 a | 4.3 a |
| M+0.2T | 274.2 a | 30.8 a | 8.6 a | 66.4 a | 28.0 ab | 2.4 ab |
| M+0.4T | 254.7 a | 30.9 a | 8.3 a | 51.3 a | 12.5 b | 1.0 b |
| (C) CLDTSA | ||||||
| CLD | 183.0 b | 46.7 b | 1.6 b | 12.0 a | 81.6 ab | 1.3 b |
| C0T | 198.8 b | 47.9 b | 1.2 b | 9.4 a | 76.8 ab | 0.9 b |
| C0.1T | 222.7 ab | 58.3 ab | 3.2 ab | 17.0 a | 86.8 a | 2.7 a |
| C0.2T | 236.1 a | 64.2 a | 2.6 ab | 15.0 a | 67.2 ab | 1.7 ab |
| C0.4T | 313.5 a | 79.8 a | 5.2 a | 20.3 a | 63.5 b | 3.3 a |
| (D) MANTSA | ||||||
| MAN | 192.4 c | 48.6 c | 18.3 b | 65.2 a | 32.1 b | 5.9 c |
| M0T | 215.5 c | 66.4 bc | 26.9 ab | 66.7 a | 54.5 a | 14.7 b |
| M0.1T | 435.8 b | 100.5 ab | 33.1 ab | 69.8 a | 57.1 a | 18.9 ab |
| M0.2T | 563.3 ab | 103.5 a | 39.9 a | 66.0 a | 50.3 a | 20.1 ab |
| M0.4T | 646.4 a | 111.8 a | 40.0 a | 70.4 a | 62.4 a | 24.9 a |
| (E) TSA | ||||||
| MAN | 257.1 a | 50.5 a | 9.4 a | 63.9 a | 31.2 b | 2.9 b |
| 0T | 171.7 a | 38.1 a | 5.4 b | 32.1 c | 65.6 a | 3.5 b |
| 0.1T | 185.3 a | 44.3 a | 9.1 a | 46.0 ab | 74.6 a | 6.8 a |
| 0.2T | 170.9 a | 40.0 a | 7.2 ab | 38.2 bc | 85.3 a | 6.1 a |
| 0.4T | 196.7 a | 40.1 a | 9.7 a | 35.1 c | 76.2 a | 7.4 a |
* Values based on 100 anthers. † Values followed by the same letter within each experiment and variable are not significantly different (p ˂ 0.05), according to a Duncan or a Chi square test.