Table 5.
Macro green algae-mediated biosynthesis of Metallic NPs.
| Algae | NPs | Location | Shape and Size | Synthesis Conditions | Characterization | Reducing Agent | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rhizoclonium fontinale | Au | Intracellular | Spherical (5–20 nm), nano-triangles (15–88 nm) | 72 h incubation, pH 9 | UV-Vis, HR-TEM, DLS, EDAX | Intracellular synthesis | [65] |
| Rhizoclonium fontinale | Au | Intracellular | Spherical (5–20 nm) and hexagonal (34 nm) | Incubation intervals (1, 3, 24, 48 and 72 h) pH 9 | UV-Vis, HR-TEM, EDAX, DLS, and SEM | Intracellular proteins | [18] |
| Ulva reticulata | Ag | Extracellular | Spherical, 40–50 nm | Incubation at room temperature | UV-Vis, FT-IR, SEM, XRD | Carboxylic acids, benzene rings, and fluoro alkane | [158] |
| Ulva intestinalis | Ag Au |
Extracellular | - | Incubation at room temperature | UV-Vis, HR-TEM, EDAX, and SEM | Polysaccharides | [165] |
| Enteromorpha compressa4 | Ag | Extracellular | Spherical, 0–50 nm | - | UV-Vis, FT-IR, SEM, XRD | Benzene rings and hydrogen bonded alcohols | [158] |
| Codium capitatum | Ag | Extracellular | 3–44 nm | Incubation in dark at room temperature | UV-Vis, EDX, FT-IR | Amine, peptide, and sulfate groups | [163] |
| Gracilaria edulis | Ag and ZnO | Extracellular | 55–99 nm and 66–95 nm | Centrifugation at 10,000 rpm | UV-Vis, XRD, EDX, FT-IR, and FESEM | Alcohol, amides, and nitro groups | [163] |
| Urospora sp. | Ag | Extracellular | FCC and spherical, 20–30 nm | Incubation in dark at 70 °C on magnetic stirrer | FT-IR, HR-TEM, XRD, and UV-Vis | Hydroxyl and carbonyl groups | [166] |
| Chaetomorpha linum | Ag | Extracellular | 3–44 nm | Incubation at 37 °C at static condition | SEM, FT-IR, and UV-Vis | Peptides, flavonoids and terpenoids | [157] |
| Ulva faciata | Ag | Extracellular | Spherical, 7–20 nm | 20 mi of continuous stirring at 70 °C | TEM, UV-Vis, FT-IR, and GLC. | Polyphenolic groups | [68] |
| Rhizoclonium fontinale | Au | Intracellular | Spherical, 5–20 nm and hexagonal, 34 nm | 72 h of incubation, pH 9 | UV-Vis, HR-TEM, EDAX, DLS, and SEM | Intracellular proteins | [18] |
| Ulva reticula | Ag | Extracellular | Spherical, 40–50 nm | - | HR-TEM, FT-IR, XRD, and UV-Vis | - | [65] |
| Ulva faciata | Ag | Extracellular | - | - | UV-Vis | Proteins | [68] |
| Ulva flexousa | Ag | Extracellular | Circular and FCC, 2–32 nm | 24 h incubation in illuminated conditions, centrifugation at 5000 rpm | XRD, TEM, FT-IR, and UV-Vis | Peptides | [167] |
| Spirogyra varians | Ag | Extracellular | FCC, 17.6 nm | 20 min incubation in dark | UV-Vis, SEM, and FT-IR | Amino, carboxylic, and hydroxyl groups | [164] |
| Spirogyra insignis | Ag | Extracellular | Spherical, 28–41 nm | pH 2, 4 and 10 | UV-Vis, FT-IR, and TEM | Proteins | [92] |