Table 3.
Association of risk factors and indoxyl sulfate with risk of incident PAD events.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 0.006 | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 0.008 |
| Smoking | 1.64 (0.47–5.72) | 0.436 | 1.57 (0.46–5.42) | 0.474 |
| Diabetes | 6.01 (2.84–12.71) | <0.001 | 6.46 (2.97–14.06) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2.34 (1.12–4.90) | 0.024 | 2.53 (1.23–5.18) | 0.011 |
| Indoxyl sulfate by tertilesa | ||||
| Lower tertile | 1.00 | – | – | – |
| Middle tertile | 2.03 (0.80–5.18) | 0.138 | – | – |
| Upper tertile | 3.20 (1.26–8.12) | 0.014 | – | – |
| Indoxyl sulfate, per 10 μg/mL | – | – | 1.19 (1.05–1.35) | 0.006 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio. Model 1 was constructed based on inclusion of indoxyl sulfate as a categorical variable. Model 2 was constructed based on inclusion of indoxyl sulfate as a continuous variable. aLower tertile: 0.37–34.4 μg/mL; Middle tertile: 34.9–57.9 μg/mL; Upper tertile: 57.9–141.4 μg/mL.