8-OHdG	8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine
α-SMA	α-smooth muscle actin
AKI	Acute kidney injury
CV	Cardiovascular
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
EMT	Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
ESRD	End-stage renal disease
GFR	Glomerular filtration rate
IAA	Indole-3 acetic acid
ICAM-1	Intercellular expression of adhesion molecule-1
IS	Indoxyl sulfate
JAK	Janus kinase family
LPD	Low-protein diet
MCP-1	Monocyte chemotactic protein-1
MW	Molecular weight
NOX	NADPH oxidase
OAT	Organic anion transporter
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
Stat	Signal transducers and activators of transcription
TIMP-1	Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1
TRPV1	Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1
VSMCs	Vascular smooth muscle cells