Table 1.

Overview of applications for different types of nanoparticles (NPs).

Type to NPs	Applications	Reference
Liquid metal (EGaIn, Galinstan, other Ga-based alloys)	Soft/flexible/wearable electronics Biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, medical imaging, therapeutics, and antimicrobial activities)	[12,14,15,16]
Nobel metal (Au, Ag, platinum group of metals)	Antimicrobial activities Optoelectronics Catalysis Biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, medical imaging, and photothermal therapeutics)	[17,18,19,20]
Transition metal (Cu, Ni, etc.)	Wastewater treatment Antimicrobial and anticancer activities Catalysis Biomedicine Energy storage	[21,22,23,24]
Oxides of metals (Fe2O3, SnO2, Al2O3, etc.)	Anti-infective applications Electrochemical sensing and biosensing Catalysis Optoelectronics Medical imaging	[25,26,27]
Semiconductor quantum dots (CdSe, CdTe, CdSeTe, etc.)	Catalysis Solar concentrators Medical imaging Cellular imaging	[28,29,30,31]
Carbon-based materials (CNTs, graphene, CB, etc.)	Electrochemical sensing Energy storage Catalysis Cellular imaging Biomedical applications (e.g., bioimaging, biosensors, drug delivery, theranostics, and tissue engineering)	[4,32,33,34,35]
Organic polymer (PLGA, PLGA@HF, PEG, etc.)	Mostly biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue regeneration, molecular imaging, and cancer phototherapy)	[36,37,38]