Table 2.

Overview of integrated systems for the top-down production of nanoparticles (NPs).

NPs Type	Enabling Technologies/Modules	Crucial Parameters	NP Size (nm)	Costs 1	Year	Reference
EGaIn	Microfluidics Ultrasonic bath	Dimension of microchannel s Centrifugal force	200–700 (peak)	★★	2018	Tang [51]
EGaIn	Liquid-based nebulization	Input voltage	~160–200	★	2019	Tang [55]
EGaIn additive	Ultrasonic bath Cooling water machine		286 ± 21	★★★	2020	Guo [74]
Au	Laser ablation	Subpulse number in an envelope	~4–120	★★★	2017	Yu [62]
Ag	Laser ablation	Liquid medium	3.4–15.4	★★★	2020	Menazea [66]
Au, Ag	Laser ablation Ultrasonic bath	Ultrasonic field	5.4–7.8 (Au)/7.9–12.1 (Ag)	★★★★	2020	Hu [59]
Au	Laser ablation	pH	13 ± 3	★★★	2017	Palazzo [75]
Au	Laser ablation		14 ± 2.1	★★★	2015	Affandi [76]
Au	Laser ablation Magnetic field	Field tensity	~3–8	★★★★	2016	Serkov [68]
Au	Laser ablation Magnetic field	Residence time in the external magnetic field	~20	★★★★	2019	Shafeev [69]
Ag	Laser ablation	Laser pulse energy	~10	★★★	2015	Valverde-Alva [77]
Au	Laser ablation	Laser fluence Liquid media	~3.16 (average)	★★★	2015	Tomko [78]
Ag	Laser ablation	Laser wavelength	3 and 20	★★★	2016	Kőrösi [64]
Ag, Cu, Ag-Cu alloy	Femtosecond laser ablation Laser irradiation		~33.4(Ag)/~22.7(Cu)/~23.8(Ag-Cu alloy)	★★★	2019	Bharati [79]
Copper (I and II) oxide	Continuous flow Laser ablation		~14	★★★	2019	Al-Antaki [80]
Pt, Au, CuO	High-speed pulsed laser ablation	Laser fluences Repetition rates Ablation time	4–7	★★★	2016	Streubel [73]
Al, Ti	Laser ablation	Laser pulse number Water depth	19–38 (Ti)/29–41 (Al)	★★★	2015	Mahdieh [63]
Pt, Au, Ag, Al, Cu, Ti	Laser ablation Two scanning systems	Repetition rate of laser	7	★★★★	2016	Streubel [61]
CuO	Laser ablation in liquid	Laser energy	3–40	★★★	2016	Khashan [81]
Cu3Mo2O9 nanorods	Laser ablation Electrochemistry		~100 (diameter) ~3 μm (length)	★★★	2011	Liu [70]
CdO	Pulsed laser ablation		~47	★★★	2017	Mostafa [82]
Au@CdO	Pulsed laser ablation		~11.35	★★★	2017	Mostafa [83]
Transition metal vanadates nanostructures	Laser ablation Electrochemistry	Applied voltage	~300 (diameter) ~100–140 (thickness)	★★★	2012	Liang [72]
Cobalt oxide/hydroxide	Laser ablation	Laser wavelength Laser fluence	~10–22 (average)	★★★	2014	Hu [84]
CeO2/Pd	Pulse laser ablation		~20(CeO2)/~9(Pd)	★★★	2015	Ma [85]
GeO2 nanotubes/spindles	Laser ablation Electrical field Ultrasonic vibrator	Applied electrical field	~200–500 (nanotube) ~200–400 (spindle)	★★★★	2008	Liu [67]
FePO4	Ultrasonic intensification Impinging jet reactor	Ultrasonic power	107–191	★★★★	2019	Guo [86]
α-Fe2O3	laser ablation	Laser fluencies	50–110	★★★	2015	Ismail [87]
Fe2O3	Laser ablation/fragmentation technique	Liquid media	50–200	★★★	2014	Pandey [88]
Magnetic NPs	Laser ablation Magnetic field		~200–500	★★★★	2014	Liang [60]
Carbon nanotube	Laser ablation	Laser wavelength	1.3	★★★	2015	Chrzanowska [89]
Carbon	Pulsed laser ablation in vacuum		~33	★★★	2017	Kazemizadeh [90]

¹ The number of asterisks (★) represents the cost of synthesis system; 1 means relatively low cost, while 5 means expensive.