Table 1.

Biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs).

S/N	Sample	Biogenic source/Extraction Method	Bioactive Compound	NPs	Size (nm)	Shape	Ref.
1	Coffea arabica	Seed/ Ethanolic Extraction at 60 °C for 1 h	Phenolics	Ag	20–30 nm	Spheres and ellipsoidal	[34]
2	Olive tree	Leaf/Aqueous extraction by boiling for 10 min	Oleuropein	Ag	20–25 nm	Spheres	[35]
3	Ocimum sanctum and quercetin	Leaf/Aqueous extraction at 60 °C for 10 min	Quercetin	Ag	14.6 nm and 11.35 nm	Spheres	[36]
4	Origanum vulgare	Leaf/Aqueous extraction by reflux by for 4 h	Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids	Ag	2–25	Spherical	[38]
5	Tagetes erecta (Marigold)	Flower/Aqueous extraction for 10 min	Flavonoids, saponins	Ag	46.11 nm	Spheres	[39]
6	Combretum erythropyllum	Leaf/Aqueous extraction at 90 °C for 1 h	Flavonoids	Ag	5–26 nm	Spherical	[18]
7	Mentha aquatica	Leaf/Aqueous extraction by sonication	Polyphenols, flavonoids		8 nm	Spheres	[40]
8	Punica granatum	Leaf/Ethanolic extraction for 48 h at room temperature	Polyphenols, flavonoids	Ag	20–40 nm	Polygonal	[41]
9	Carica papaya and Catharanthus roseus	Leaf/Aqueous extraction at room temperature	Papain, α-tocopherol, alkaloids, flavonoids	Au	6–18 nm	Spherical, Triangle, hexagonal	[43]
10.	Citrullus lanatus rind (Watermelon)	Fruit/Aqueous extraction for 10 min by boiling	Citrulline, proteins, carotenoids	Au	20–140 nm	Spheres	[44]
11	Cannabis sativa (Indian Hemp) Cortex and Xylem	Stem /Aqueous extraction for 10 min by boiling	Cannabinoids, terpenes, phenolics	Au	12–18 nm and 20–40 nm	Spheres, rod, Triangle, hexagonal	[45]
12.	Amomum villosum (Cardamom)	Fruit/Aqueous at 100 °C for 1 h via autoclave	***	Au	5–10 nm	Spheres	[46]
13	Pistacia atlantica	(Leaf and fruit)/Aqueous by boiling for 30 min	***	Au	50–60	Spheres	[47]
14	Thyme	Leaf/Aqueous by boiling for 30 min	***	Au	6–26 nm		[48]
15	Olea europaea fruit extract and Acacia nilotica husk	Fruit and husk/Aqueous extraction at room temperature	***	Au	44.96 nm	Spheres	[49]
16	Croton caudatus Geisel	Leaf/Aqueous extraction at 50 °C for 10 min	***	Au	20–50 nm	sphere	[50]
17	Beta vulgaris (Sugar beet)	Pulp/Aqueous purification	***	Au	50 nm	Nanowires	[51]
18	Garcina kola	Pulp/Aqueous extraction by boiling for 40 min	***	Au	18–38 nm	Spheres	[52]
19	Cryptolepis buchanani	Tea/Aqueous extraction at 60 °C for 15 min	Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins	Au	11.1 nm	Spheres	[53]
20	Solidago canadensis	Leaf/Aqueous extraction at 80 °C	Flavonoids, quercetin, saponins	Ag-Au	15 nm	Spheres	[57]
21	Stigmaphyllon ovatum	Leaf	***	Ag-Au	14.9 nm	Spheres	[59]
22	Gloriosa superba	leaf/Aqueous extraction at 60 °C for 50 min	Superbine, colchicine, phytosterils, stigmasterin	Ag-Au	10–20 nm	Spheres	[60]
23	Pomegranate	Seed/Aqueous extraction	Phenolics	Ag-Au	12 nm	Spheres Rods Pentagonal	[61]
24	Arabic gum	Stems and branches of Arabic Senegal tree/Aqueous dissolution	Arabinose, rhamnose, glucoronic acid, arabinogalact-an–protein complex	Ag-Au	3.1 nm	Spheres	[62]
25	Moringa oleifera	Leaves/Aqueous extraction at 80 °C for 15 min	Niazimicin, 4-(α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate, β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Ag-Au	11–25 nm	Spheres Triangles Hexagonal	[63]

*** Not available.