Table 1.
Role of molecular chaperones in virus infections.
| Mol. Chap. | Virus | Role | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hsp40 | HIV-1 | Participates in Nef-mediated enhancement of viral gene expression and replication | [42,46] |
| IAV | Assists nuclear import of viral ribonucleoprotein | [51] | |
| Hsp60 | HBV | Participates in polymerase activation and replication initiation. Promotes virus-mediated apoptosis of infected cells | [33,41] |
| HCV | Promotes infected cells apoptosis | [34] | |
| Hsc/Hsp70 | Rotaviruses | Is part of host-cell membrane receptor and promotes virus entry and infectivity | [35] |
| DENV | Is part of host-cell membrane receptor and promotes virus entry and infectivity | [36] | |
| JEV | Is part of host-cell membrane receptor and contributes to virus entry. Enhances virus replication | [37,48] | |
| ZKV | Modulates virus entry, replication, and egress | [39] | |
| Reoviruses | Participates in outer capsid disassembly | [40] | |
| HCV | Regulates viral genome translation, virions assembly and release | [55] | |
| HIV-1 | Inhibits viral gene expression. Delay Vpr induced cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis | [46,65,66] | |
| Hsp90 | DENV | Is part of host-cell membrane receptor and promotes virus entry and infectivity | [36] |
| HCV | Positively regulates virus replication | [43] | |
| Influenza virus | Promotes nuclear import of the genome and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, ensuring virus replication | [44,72] | |
| EBV | Mediates the assembly and the nuclear import of the DNA polymerase | [47] | |
| KSHV | Promotes anti-apoptotic signaling | [69] | |
| BiP/GRP78 | CMV | Regulates virions assembly | [53] |
| Rotavirus | Ensures proper assembly and maturation of viral particles | [54] | |
| GRP94 | HCV | Blocks infected cells apoptosis | [68] |
| Calnexin | Rotavirus | Ensures proper assembly and maturation of viral particles | [54] |
| Calreticulin | Rotavirus | Ensures proper assembly and maturation of viral particles | [54] |
| CCT | Influenza virus | Promotes virus replication and transcription | [45] |
| Rabies virus | Promotes virus replication and transcription | [49,50] | |
| DENV | Promotes virus replication and transcription | [52] | |
| Reovirus | Participates in viral proteins folding | [56] |
Abbreviations: Mol. Chap, molecular chaperone; CMV, cytomegalovirus; DENV, dengue virus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1; IAV, influenza A virus; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; KSHV, Kaposi’s sarcoma–associated herpesvirus; ZKV, Zika virus.