Table 3.
Concentrations of the individual phenolic compounds identified by the HPLC–DAD–MS/MS analysis in the apple peel and flesh in different cultivars.
| Cultivar | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quinte | Jonagored | Early Geneva | Paulared | Sunrise | Gloster | Delikates | Papierówka | Rubinola | Antonówka | Ligol | |
| Apple Peel | |||||||||||
| Phloretin | 0.96 ± 0.02d | 0.91 ± 0.08d | 0.85 ± 0.02e | 0.64 ± 0.01g | 1.38 ± 0.08b | 1.32 ± 0.02b | b0.73 ± 0.03f | 2.25 ± 0.05a | 1.24 ± 0.05c | 1.20 ± 0.01c | 0.66 ± 0.04g |
| Phloridzin | 23.91 ± 0.48d | 24.65 ± 1.63d | 24.45 ± 0.49d | 16.43 ± 0.76e | 48.08 ± 0.80b | 43.45 ± 2.59c | 18.30 ± 1.74e | 84.10 ± 1.60a | 42.90 ± 3.21c | 23.37 ± 0.45d | 16.51 ± 0.73e |
| Catechin | 92.16 ± 1.99a | 7.93 ± 0.07h, i | 28.56 ± 0.62d | 53.66 ± 0.46b | 41.34 ± 0.29c | 7.32 ± 0.53i | 3.83 ± 0.31j | 17.93 ± 1.21e | 10.56 ± 0.80g | 12.40 ± 0.12f | 8.58 ± 0.29h |
| Epicatechin | 297.77 ± 0.91a | 103.17 ± 5.97h | 278.11 ± 15.55b | 161.68 ± 10.26e | 198.36 ± 5.41c | 142.23 ± 1.43f | 94.79 ± 4.34h | 165.57 ± 12.39e | 182.86 ± 5.22d | 127.72 ± 8.40g | 101.28 ± 6.79h |
| Chlorogenic acid | 188.59 ± 9.98c | 57.00 ± 6.46g | 57.41 ± 2.45g | 68.97 ± 4.14f | 87.27 ± 2.24e | 61.67 ± 0.74g | 8.05 ± 0.36h | 259.58 ± 3.19a | 206.97 ± 1.09b | 137.17 ± 2.99d | 58.62 ± 1.08g |
| Rutin | 14.54 ± 0.60f | 15.33 ± 0.47e, f | 3.36 ± 0.07h | 16.52 ± 0.49e | 73.03 ± 0.94a | 27.55 ± 2.38c | 12.21 ± 0.67g | 2.97 ± 0.08h | 22.97 ± 0.74d | 32.35 ± 0.72b | 10.59 ± 3.31g |
| Quercetin 3-glucoside | 131.46 ± 2.06b | 120.55 ± 1.62c | 33.80 ± 5.66h | 76.04 ± 0.48e | 265.76 ± 0.56a | 125.36 ± 2.05c | 95.13 ± 7.38d | 52.41 ± 1.69g | 68.01 ± 4.92f | 49.20 ± 3.38g | 70.20 ± 4.40f |
| Quercetin | 0.98 ± 0.01a | 0.73 ± 0.00d, e | 0.65 ± 0.01g | 0.77 ± 0.00c | 0.81 ± 0.01b | 0.69 ± 0.00f | 0.73 ± 0.00d | 0.71 ± 0.00e | 0.80 ± 0.01b | 0.61 ± 0.02h | 0.76 ± 0.03c |
| Quercetin 3-arabinoside | 185.98 ± 0.69b | 167.01 ± 1.68c | 98.70 ± 2.20e | 100.39 ± 2.96e | 241.28 ± 8.75a | 179.38 ± 14.91b | 112.36 ± 0.94d | 97.04 ± 0.98e | 58.45 ± 0.88g | 87.63 ± 5.37f | 83.94 ± 3.32f |
| Quercetin 3-rhamnoside | 97.45 ± 14.86d | 112.52 ± 1.94c | 90.41 ± 2.41d | 40.72 ± 1.12h | 222.37 ± 1.80b | 114.83 ± 3.98c | 74.87 ± 0.97f | 39.96 ± 1.51h | 235.08 ± 0.43a | 51.05 ± 1.08g | 82.41 ± 4.61e |
| Cyanidin 3-galactoside | 99.16 ± 2.16b | 45.93 ± 0.48e | 31.21 ± 1.32f | 63.82 ± 4.79c | 18.00 ± 1.52g | 101.92 ± 0.31a | 49.20 ± 0.95d | 1.15 ± 0.00h | 103.69 ± 2.17a | 1.24 ± 0.00h | 30.69 ± 1.00f |
| Apple Flesh | |||||||||||
| Phloretin | 0.72 ± 0.03b | 0.42 ± 0.01g | 0.72 ± 0.01b | 0.51 ± 0.02e | 0.60 ± 0.03d | 0.41 ± 0.00g | 0.47 ± 0.01e, f | 0.75 ± 0.03b | 0.65 ± 0.03c | 1.38 ± 0.08a | 0.43 ± 0.01f, g |
| Phloridzin | 18.89 ± 0.98d | 7.17 ± 0.17h | 20.63 ± 0.80c | 10.37 ± 0.36f | 14.68 ± 0.84e | 5.86 ± 0.16i | 9.14 ± 0.06g | 23.46 ± 0.77b | 18.09 ± 0.22d | 45.05 ± 1.79a | 6.61 ± 0.14h, i |
| Catechin | 39.46 ± 0.20b | 1.07 ± 0.01i | 21.83 ± 0.61e | 75.90 ± 1.44a | 30.91 ± 0.49c | 1.64 ± 0.57i | 3.91 ± 0.22h | 25.90 ± 0.33d | 10.67 ± 0.39g | 14.00 ± 0.29f | 1.66 ± 0.06i |
| Epicatechin | 325.04 ± 1.63a | 18.64 ± 3.02g | 270.76 ± 8.20b | 221.56 ± 24.07c | 68.76 ± 0.68f | 4.99 ± 0.13h | 68.27 ± 3.92f | 154.17 ± 7.08d | 100.67 ± 2.23e | 78.23 ± 2.56f | 13.81 ± 0.35g, h |
| Chlorogenic acid | 307.17 ± 3.22b | 43.56 ± 0.73g | 154.91 ± 0.73e | 265.59 ± 4.52d | 85.07 ± 1.80f | 18.21 ± 0.71h | 20.01 ± 2.19h | 451.53 ± 19.59a | 264.47 ± 10.42d | 293.56 ± 7.19c | 26.74 ± 2.63h |
| Rutin | 0.79 ± 0.00d | 1.07 ± 0.05a | 0.70 ± 0.01g | 0.84 ± 0.00c | 1.00 ± 0.00b | 0.72 ± 0.01f | 0.75 ± 0.00e | 0.64 ± 0.00h | 0.75 ± 0.01e | 0.64 ± 0.00h | 0.69 ± 0.03g |
| Quercetin 3-glucoside | 2.12 ± 0.03a | 1.58 ± 0.02c | 1.27 ± 0.03e | 1.97 ± 0.03b | 1.96 ± 0.07b | 1.06 ± 0.12g | 1.34 ± 0.02d | 1.06 ± 0.03g | 1.03 ± 0.05g | 0.81 ± 0.00h | 1.18 ± 0.04f |
| Quercetin | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Quercetin 3-arabinoside | 6.89 ± 0.17a | 5.69 ± 0.45b | 4.10 ± 0.08d | 4.84 ± 0.19c | 4.60 ± 0.40c | 2.33 ± 0.25f | 1.47 ± 0.05g, h | 2.84 ± 0.21e | 1.76 ± 0.15g | 1.21 ± 0.01h | 2.76 ± 0.02e |
| Quercetin 3-rhamnoside | 1.63 ± 0.04g | 15.39 ± 0.32a | 1.12 ± 0.02i | 1.38 ± 0.02h | 10.55 ± 0.36b | 3.01 ± 0.04f | 1.72 ± 0.06g | 3.68 ± 0.05e | 4.67 ± 0.29d | 1.15 ± 0.04h, i | 6.22 ± 0.12c |
| Cyanidin 3-galactoside | 1.29 ± 0.06a | 0.68 ± 0.01e | 1.10 ± 0.00b | 0.83 ± 0.01c | 0.70 ± 0.00d, e | 0.59 ± 0.00g | 0.72 ± 0.00d | 0.54 ± 0.00h | 0.65 ± 0.01f | 0.55 ± 0.00h | 0.61 ± 0.00g |
Values represent the mean (n = 4) ± SD. Different letters a–j in the same row related to apple peel or flesh indicate significant differences by ANOVA test (p < 0.05). n.d., not detected. Results are expressed in μg/g FW.