Table 3.
Summary of case-control studies investigating the relationship between arsenic exposure and breast cancer occurrence.
| Author and Study Year | Exposure Measurement | Location of Study | Sample Size | Referent Group | Outcome | p-Value | Association |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garg et al. 1996 [49] |
Arsenic in breast tissue | India | 30 cases/30 controls | Case vs. control | Change in mean value of arsenic 1 7.8% |
N/S | Positive |
| Joo et al. 2009 [50] |
Hair | South Korea | 40 cases/144 controls | Case vs. Control | Mean ± Standard Error Cases: 0.09 ± 0.006 Controls: 0.06 ± 0.003 |
<0.001 | Positive |
| Alatise et al. 2010 [51] |
3 exposures: Whole blood Scalp hair Breast biopsy |
Nigeria | 12 cases/ 12 controls |
Case vs. Control | Mean Concentrations of arsenic by biomarker Whole Blood Controls – 6.8 µg/L (4.0–12) Cases- 7.6 µg/L (3.4–16) Scalp Hair Controls – 0.09 (0.02–0.18) Cases – 0.08 (0.004–0.18) Breast Biopsy Median- 0.077 mcg/g (0.032–0.11) |
Student’s t-Test 0.11 0.28 |
Null |
| Benderli Cihan et al. 2011 [52] |
Hair | Turkey | 52 cases/ 52 controls |
Case vs. Control | Mean ± (Standard Deviation) Cases: 1.522 ug/g (1.980) Controls: 0.239 ug/g (0.220) |
<0.05 | Positive |
| Blaurock-Busch et al. 2013 [53] |
Hair | India | 15 cases/50 controls | Case vs. Control | Mean concentration difference between healthy control and cases 0.11 ug/g |
N/S | Null |
| Lopez-Carrillo et al. 2014 [54] |
Urinary arsenic | Mexico | 1016 cases/1028 controls | Q5 vs. Q1 | Odds Ratio (OR) (95%CI) ORMMA = 2.63 (1.89–3.66) ORPMI = 1.90 (1.39–2.59) |
p for trend < 0.001 | Positive |
| Wadhwa et al. 2015 [55] |
Hair | Pakistan | 47 cases/94 controls | Case vs. Control | Standard Mean Difference 2.94 (2.77–3.12) |
<0.05 | Positive |
| Pineda-Belmontes et al. 2016 [56] |
Urinary arsenic | Mexico | 197 cases/220 controls | T3 vs. T1 | Odds Ratio (95%CI) ORMMA = 3.57 (1.99–6.38) ORPMI = 3.51 (1.96–6.28) |
N/S | Positive |
| Gamboa-Loira et al. 2017 [57] |
Urinary arsenic | Mexico | 1016 cases/ 1028 controls |
MTR AA vs. MTR AG + GG |
Odds Ratio (95%CI) ORBCwith%DMAamongMTRAA = 0.86 (0.54–1.38) |
p for interaction = 0.002 | Positive |
| Lopez-Carrillo et al. 2020 [58] |
Urinary arsenic | Northern Mexico | 499 cases/499 controls | Q5 vs. Q1 | Odds Ratio (95%CI) HR+ BC ORMMA/iAs continuous = 2.03 (1.33–3.10) TN BC OR MMA/iAs continuous = 4.05 (1.63–10.04) |
N/S | Positive |
N/S: not stated, T: tertile, MMA: monomethylarsonic acid, DMA: dimethylarsinic acid, iAs: inorganic arsenic, PMI: primary methylation index, BC: breast cancer, HR + BC: hormone receptor positive breast cancer (estrogen receptor positive and/or progesterone receptor positive, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative), TN: triple negative breast cancer (estrogen receptor negative and/or progesterone receptor negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative). 1 Change- Ratio of change in mean values and mean concentration in normal tissue × 100.