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Molecular mechanisms of EGCG inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. EGCG downregulated the expressions of HIF-1 and multiple signal pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways, to inhibit angiogenesis and metastasis. PI3K, phosphoinositide-3-kinase; AKT, protein kinase B; HIF-1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; and NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB.
