Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients according to hospital mortality.
| All Patients (n = 81) |
Survivors (n = 63) |
Non-Survivors (n = 18) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient demographics | ||||
| Gender (male), n (%) | 59 (72.8) | 45 (71.4) | 14 (77.8) | 0.77 |
| Age, Median [IQR] | 52 [40, 59] | 51 [37, 59] | 55 [50, 62] | 0.21 |
| Baseline clinical characteristics | ||||
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 10 (12.3) | 5 (7.9) | 5 (27.8) | 0.04 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 61 (75.3) | 47 (74.6) | 14 (77.8) | 1.00 |
| Immunosuppression regimens before admission | ||||
| CsA + MMF + Pred, n (%) | 32 (39.5) | 25 (39.7) | 7 (38.9) | 1.00 |
| TAC + MMF + Pred, n (%) | 43 (53.1) | 33 (52.4) | 10 (55.6) | 1.00 |
| Rapa + MMF + Pred, n (%) | 6 (7.4) | 5 (7.9) | 1 (5.6) | 1.00 |
| Acute rejection history, n (%) | 13 (16.0) | 9 (14.3) | 4 (22.2) | 0.47 |
| APACHE II score | 12 [9, 16] | 11 [9, 14] | 19 [15, 28] | <0.01 |
| PSI score | 114 [99, 134] | 110 [98, 128] | 126 [104, 155] | 0.06 |
| CURB-65 score | 2 [2, 3] | 2 [2, 2] | 3 [2, 3] | 0.02 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio (mmHg) | 241 [168, 370] | 266 [187, 404] | 176 [123, 219] | <0.01 |
| Median time from transplantation to ICU admission, months | 8 [3, 56] | 8 [3, 54] | 8 [3, 100] | 0.95 |
| Time from transplantation to ICU admission | 0.82 | |||
| The first year and after the first 30 days post-transplant, n (%) | 50 (61.7) | 39 (61.9) | 11 (61.1) | |
| 1–5 years post-transplant, n (%) | 12 (14.8) | 10 (15.9) | 2 (11.1) | |
| >5 years post-transplant, n (%) | 19 (23.5) | 14 (22.2) | 5 (27.8) | |
| Median time from fever onset to hospital admission, days | 6 [3, 7] | 6 [3, 7] | 6 [2, 8] | 0.98 |
| Median time from fever onset to ICU admission, days | 7 [4, 12] | 7 [4, 11] | 9 [4, 26] | 0.25 |
| Laboratory characteristics | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 105 [91, 123] | 106 [91, 121] | 103 [92, 126] | 0.86 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 198 [148, 230] | 202 [158, 249] | 173 [98, 225] | 0.14 |
| White blood cell count (109/L) | 7.5 [4.8, 11.7] | 7.0 [4.2, 10.4] | 8.9 [5.5, 13.5] | 0.07 |
| Neutrophil (109/L) | 6.1 [3.9, 10.6] | 5.7 [3.7, 9.6] | 8.6 [5.1, 12.8] | 0.02 |
| Lymphocyte (109/L) | 0.4 [0.2, 0.8] | 0.5 [0.3, 0.8] | 0.2 [0.1, 0.3] | <0.01 |
| NLR | 15.0 [8.6, 25.5] | 12.3 [8.0, 17.6] | 26.8 [20.7, 99.0] | <0.01 |
| PLR | 445.0 [269.4, 774.2] | 407.0 [242.4, 647.5] | 705.0 [492.5, 1146.3] | <0.01 |
| ALT (U/L) | 21 [11, 42] | 20 [11, 37] | 34 [17, 56] | 0.18 |
| AST (U/L) | 26 [19, 34] | 25 [18, 31] | 34 [21, 46] | 0.09 |
| ALP (U/L) | 69 [52.5, 102] | 68.5 [53.5, 94.5] | 82 [51, 117] | 0.60 |
| γ-GT (U/L) | 35 [22, 62] | 30 [20, 50] | 65 [32, 103] | 0.01 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 6.5 [4.9, 9.7] | 6.5 [4.9,9.2] | 7.0 [5.0, 18.1] | 0.41 |
| Troponin T (ng/mL) | 0.02 [0.01, 0.08] | 0.02 [0.01,0.08] | 0.03 [0.02, 0.11] | 0.23 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 607 [366, 2008] | 594 [352, 1939] | 647 [417, 3690] | 0.43 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 121 [93, 179.5] | 117 [92, 170] | 167 [103, 285] | 0.09 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 13.2 [2.9, 47.7] | 10.9 [10.3,11.5] | 21.5 [18.4, 24.6] | <0.0001 |
| GFR(CKD-EPI) (ml/min/1.73m2) | 51.48 [35.4, 76.2] | 38.00 [18.9,72.4] | 51.97 [38.4, 76.7] | 0.25 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.16 [0.1, 0.5] | 0.16 [0.1,0.3] | 0.25 [0.1, 0.7] | 0.64 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 2.45 [1.2, 5.9] | 2.45 [1.2, 5.8] | 2.51 [1.2, 7.2] | 0.61 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 58.2 [37.0, 83.8] | 56.2 [36.5, 83.3] | 59.6 [40.5, 91.1] | 0.35 |
| Microbiological identifications | ||||
| Bacterial infection, n (%) | 26 (32.1) | 12 (19.0) | 14 (77.8) | <0.001 |
| Fungal infection, n (%) | 21 (25.9) | 17 (27.0) | 4 (22.2) | 0.77 |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii, n (%) | 10 (12.3) | 10 (15.9) | 0 (0) | 0.11 |
| Non-Pneumocystis jirovecii, n (%) | 11 (13.6) | 7 (11.1) | 4 (22.2) | 0.25 |
| Viral infection, n (%) | 21 (25.9) | 14 (22.2) | 7 (38.9) | 0.22 |
| Mycobacterium species, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (3.2) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
| Mycoplasma, n (%) | 7 (8.6) | 6 (9.5) | 1 (5.6) | 1.00 |
| Undetermined, n (%) | 30 (37.0) | 28 (44.4) | 2 (11.1) | 0.01 |
| ICU management | ||||
| Need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), n (%) | 19 (23.5) | 3 (4.8) | 16 (88.9) | <0.001 |
| Vasopressors within 24 h after ICU admission, n (%) | 15 (18.5) | 3 (4.8) | 12 (66.7) | <0.001 |
| Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 16 (19.8) | 6 (9.5) | 10 (55.6) | <0.001 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Median length of ICU stays, days | 7 [4, 14] | 7 [4, 11] | 16 [6, 28] | 0.01 |
| Median length of hospital stays, days | 21 [14, 31] | 20 [14, 29] | 30 [17, 41] | 0.04 |
| ICU mortality, n (%) | 16 (19.8) | 0 (0) | 16 (88.9) | <0.01 |
| Hospital mortality, n (%) | 18 (22.2) | 0 (0) | 18 (100) | <0.01 |
The baseline immunosuppressive regimens included cyclosporine A (CsA), tacrolimus (TAC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), rapamycin (Rapa), and prednisone (Pred). APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; CRP, C-reactive protein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; γ-GT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; PSI, Pneumonia Severity Index.