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Ubiquitin proteasomal pathway. E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzymes), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes), and E3 (ubiquitin ligases) are involved in the binding of ubiquitin molecules to protein substrates. Polyubiquitinated protein substrates are targeted to the 26S proteasome for proteolysis. Ubiquitin molecules are recycled, and protein degradation is prevented by the action of DUBs.
