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. 2020 Nov 4;9(11):775. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9110775

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Pre-treatment of pharyngeal cell surface with α1-6 mannosidase and Sialidase A results in significantly increased M12 GAS biofilm biomass. (A) Assay schematic for the characterization of biofilms formed on each of the exoglycosidase (α1-6 mannosidase, α1-2,3 mannosidase, and Sialidase (A) pre-treated pharyngeal monolayers vs. untreated. (B) Initial adherence enumerated for planktonic GAS upon 2 h incubation. 72 h biofilms are assessed for (C) biofilm biomass via crystal violet staining and (D) colony forming units via enumeration. Data represents mean ± SEM, with statistical analysis performed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test * (p ≤ 0.05); n = 3 biological replicates, with 3 technical replicates each.

Pre-treatment of pharyngeal cell surface with α1-6 mannosidase and Sialidase A results in significantly increased M12 GAS biofilm biomass. (A) Assay schematic for the characterization of biofilms formed on each of the exoglycosidase (α1-6 mannosidase, α1-2,3 mannosidase, and Sialidase (A) pre-treated pharyngeal monolayers vs. untreated. (B) Initial adherence enumerated for planktonic GAS upon 2 h incubation. 72 h biofilms are assessed for (C) biofilm biomass via crystal violet staining and (D) colony forming units via enumeration. Data represents mean ± SEM, with statistical analysis performed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test * (p ≤ 0.05); n = 3 biological replicates, with 3 technical replicates each.