Author (Year)	Age (Years); Sex; Height; Weight	BMI	Personal and Family Medical History	Kind of Sport Activity	ASS Reported Use—Time of Assumption	Use of Other Drugs	Circumstance of Death	Macroscopic Heart Findings	Histological Heart Findings	Toxicological Analysis	Cause of Death
Campbell, S. E. et al. (1993)	21; M	NR	Absence of significant diseases	Bodybuilder	Testosterone; nandrolone—several months	NR	Collapse during a weight-lifting workout at the gym	530 g—Marked left and right ventricular hypertrophy	Extensive perivascular fibrosis of intramural coronary arteries—interstitial fibrosis	NR	Unspecified SCD
Dickerman, R. D. et al. (1995)	20; M; 180 cm; 100.7 kg	31.08	No past or family history of cardiac disease	Bodybuilder	Methenolone depot; veterinarian testosterone enanthate—just complete a 3-month cycle	NR	Sudden witnessed death	515 g (0.51% of body weight)—Signs of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy	Mild atherosclerosis	NR	Unspecified SCD
Hausmann, R. et al. (1998)	23; M; 192 cm; 94 kg	25.50	NR	Bodybuilder	Testosterone cyclopentilpropionate; methenolone enanthate; mesterolone—9 months	Other performance-enhancing drugs (liothyronine hydrochloride, clenbuterol hydrochloride)	Found unconscious at home in his bed	500 g (0.53% of body weight)—Cardiac hypertrophy, right ventricle dilatation, focal induration of endocardium	Enlargement and nuclear polymorphism of the left ventricular muscle fibers. Disseminated focal necrosis and interstitial fibrosis	Urine: Mesterolone, methandienone, testosterone, nandrolone, clenbuterol	Unspecified SCD
Fineschi, V. et al. (2001)	32; M; 189 cm; 90 kg	25.20	No history of disease	Bodybuilder	Testosterone propionate; nandrolone—several months	NR	Sudden loss of consciousness during a weight lifting workout	450 g (0.50% of body weight)—Normal heart measures (14 × 14 × 4 cm)—Normal valves, endocardium, and coronary arteries—one grayish zone in the left ventricle myocardium	Infarct necrosis corresponding to the grayish zone—some foci of contraction band necrosis and fibrosis	Urine: Metabolites of nandrolone, metabolites of stanozolol	SCD most likely related to adrenergic stress
	29; M; 166 cm; 72 kg	26.13	His medical history was unremarkable	Bodybuilder	Nandrolone; stanozolol—several months	NR	Found unconscious at home in his bed	390 g (0.54% of body weight)—Normal heart measures (11 × 10 × 5 cm)—Normal valves, endocardium, and coronary arteries	Occasional isolated myocardial cells with contraction band and segmentation	Urine: Metabolites of nandrolone, metabolites of stanozolol	Unspecified SCD
Fineschi, V. et al. (2005)	30; M; 178 cm; 90 kg	28.41	NR	Bodybuilder	Nandrolone decanoate—6 months	Unspecified other drugs	Sudden collapse at home	400g (0.44% of body weight) —Scattered fatty streaks in coronary arteries	Focal myocardial fibrosis	Urine: Norandrosterone. Blood: nandrolone	Unspecified SCD
Di Paolo, M. et al. (2007)	29; M; 190 cm; 127 kg	35.2	No prior history of disease. No family history of cardiac disease under the age of 50	Bodybuilder	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	Sudden loss of consciousness during the first minutes of a spin bike lesson	490 g (0.39% of body weight)—Normal hearth wall thickness, normal valve, normal coronary arteries	Severe epicardial interstitial fibrosis, small vessel disease	Negative	Unspecified SCD
	27; M; 190 cm; 100 kg	25.8	No prior history of disease. No family history of cardiac disease under the age of 50	Bodybuilder	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	Sudden illness while he was at a night club	360 g (0.36% of body weight)—Normal hearth wall thickness, normal valve, normal coronary arteries	Mild focal epicardial interstitial fibrosis, small vessel disease	Urine: Stanozolol, testosterone	Unspecified SCD
	37; F; 161 cm; 71 kg	27.4	No prior history of disease. No family history of cardiac disease under the age of 50	Bodybuilder and weight lifter	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	Found dead in her car	310 g (0.44% of body weight) —Normal hearth wall thickness, normal valve, normal coronary arteries	Moderate focal epicardial interstitial fibrosis, small vessel disease	Negative	Unspecified SCD
	31; M; 175 cm; 79 kg	25.8	No prior history of disease. No family history of cardiac disease under the age of 50	Bodybuilder	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	Found dead in his bedroom: alive 7 h before	400 g (0.51% of body weight)—Normal hearth wall thickness, normal valve, normal coronary arteries	Moderate epicardial interstitial fibrosis, small vessel disease	Urine: Stanozolol	Unspecified SCD
Fanton, L. et al. (2009)	19; M	NR	No history of cardiac disease	Weight lifter	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	SD during training	360 g—Left ventricle apoplexy	Multiple focal areas of necrosis, myolysis, scarring fibrosis	NR	Unspecified SCD
	22; M	NR	No history of cardiac disease	PE teacher	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	SD during training	520 g—Left ventricle apoplexy	Multiple focal areas of necrosis, myolysis, scarring fibrosis	NR	Unspecified SCD
	25; M	NR	No history of cardiac disease	Bodybuilder	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	SD during training	460 g—Disseminated myocarditis	Multiple focal areas of necrosis, myolysis, scarring fibrosis	NR	Unspecified SCD
	28; M	NR	No history of cardiac disease	Soccer player	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	SD during training	380 g—Disseminated myocarditis	Multiple focal areas of necrosis, myolysis, scarring fibrosis	NR	Unspecified SCD
	54; M	NR	No history of cardiac disease	Marathon runner	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	SD during training	410 g—Coronary thrombosis and dilated cardiomyopathy	multiple focal areas of necrosis, myolysis, scarring fibrosis	NR	Unspecified SCD
	48; M	NR	No history of cardiac disease	Marathon runner	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	SD during training	430 g—Left ventricle hypertrophy	Multiple focal areas of necrosis, myolysis, scarring fibrosis	NR	Unspecified SCD
Thiblin, I. et al. (2009)	29; F; 172 cm; 76 kg	25.7	No history of disease	Fitness athlete	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	Unspecified other drugs	Found naked in a prone position on the floor beside her bed, with a pillow partly under her body	331 g (0.44% of body weight)—Normal heart measures—Normal coronary arteries, with an isolated flat area of fatty thickening in the proximal part of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery.	Lymphocytic infiltration around several middle-sized and small intramural vessels—minimal myocardial necrosis	Blood: ephedrine, norephedrine. Urine: testosterone, metabolites of stanozolol, boldenone	Sudden cardiac arrhythmia, possibly related to the combination of an otherwise unspecified inflammatory process in the heart and the acute influence of ASS and ephedrine
Montisci, M. et al. (2012)	32; M; 180 cm; 110 kg	33.95	NR	Bodybuilder	History of use of unspecified AAS—7 years (recently withdraw)	NR	Found dead at home in his bed	450 g (0.41% of body weight)—11 × 9.5 cm—cardiomegaly, concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, normal valve, normal coronary arteries	Hypertrophic myocytes, focal disarray, interstitial and replacement fibrosis, foci of lymphoplasma cellular infiltrates (CD3+), with edema and patchy necrosis	Negative	Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, focal acute myocarditis.
	32; M; 178 cm; 94 kg	29.67	At last screening, nonspecific repolarization changes were found at ECG	Cycler	History of use of unspecified AAS—several years	NR	SD after a dentistry visit	580 g (0.62% of body weight)—12.5 × 11 cm—Cardiomegaly, hypertrophy, biventricular dilatation, normal valve, non-obstructive LAD stenosis	Hypertrophic myocytes, foci of necrosis, replacement fibrosis, LAD 50% stenosis, fibrofatty replacement	Negative	Inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy with subacute-chronic stages, hemorrhagic pulmonary infarction
	25; M, 185 cm; 125 kg	36.52	An ECG performed 5y before death was normal	Bodybuilder	Circumstantial finding of unspecified use of AAS—unspecified	Unspecified other performance-enhancing drugs	SD while sleeping	390 g (0.31% of body weight)—10.5 × 9.5 cm—normal hearth wall thickness, normal valve, normal coronary arteries	Inflammatory infiltrate, myocyte necrosis	Urine: Testosterone, epitestosterone, nortestosterone	Eosinophilic myocarditis
Lusetti, M. et al. (2015)	39 (mean age); M (All 6 cases)	NR	NR	NR	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	Sudden unwitnessed death	Normal hearth wall thickness, normal valve, normal coronary arteries. In one case: 490 g (0.54% of body weight)	Interstitial fibrosis (6 cases); perivascular fibrosis (4 cases); perineural fibrosis within the left ventricle (2 cases); fibroadipous metaplasia (2 cases); contraction band necrosis (2 cases); Myocyte segmentation (2 cases); Intercalated disc widening (2 cases); myocyte hypertrophy (3 cases); coronary intimal and media thickening (4 cases)	Blood: Ethanol (1 case). Urine and hair: nandrolone (3 cases), Testosterone (3 cases)	Sudden cardiac arrhythmia
Lichtenfeld, J. et al. (2016)	13; M	NR	No prior history of disease. An episode of syncope with exertion 1 week before cardiac arrest. No family history of sudden death, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or heart rhythm abnormalities	Sprinter	Physical Phenotype suggesting AAS use	NR	Sudden cardiac arrest while performing timed wind sprints at a competitive sports camp	465 g—Cardiomegaly, marked LV Hypertrophy	Foci of myofibrillar disarray, the proliferation of fibroblasts consistent with early fibrosis, and enlarged myofibers with the heterogeneity of nuclear size including “box-car” nuclei	NR	Sudden cardiac arrest followed by brain death
Lusetti, M. et al. (2018)	32; M	NR	No “officially” medically prescribed drug treatment at the time of death.	NR	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	unspecified SD	390 g—Left ventricular hypertrophy	Myocardial fibrosis	Urine: Nandrolone, Testosterone. Blood: Methadone, Citalopram, Clozapine, Venlafaxine, Lorazepam, Phenobarbital, THC	Unspecified SCD
	32; M	NR	No “officially” medically prescribed drug treatment at the time of death.	NR	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	unspecified SD	360 g	Fatty streaks, intima, and media thickening within the coronary arteries	Urine: Boldenone, Clomiphene, Methenolone, Oxandrolone, Stanozolol. Blood: Lorazepam, THC	Unspecified SCD
	33; M	NR	No “officially” medically prescribed drug treatment at the time of death.	NR	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	unspecified SD	425 g—Left ventricular hypertrophy	Myocyte necrosis	Urine: Testosterone. Blood: Methadone, Cocaine	Unspecified SCD
	39; M	NR	No “officially” medically prescribed drug treatment at the time of death.	NR	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	unspecified SD	480 g—Left and right ventricular hypertrophy	Myocyte necrosis, Myocardial fibrosis	Urine: Nandrolone. Blood: Morphine, THC	Unspecified SCD
	29; M	NR	No “officially” medically prescribed drug treatment at the time of death.	NR	History of use of unspecified AAS—unspecified	NR	unspecified SD	340 g	NR	Urine: Nandrolone, Testosterone. Blood: morphine, THC, Ethanol	Unspecified SCD
Hernandez-Guerra, A. I. et al. (2019)	24; M; 178 cm; 85 Kg	26.8	No past or family history of cardiac disease. One episode of precordial pain some months before.	NR	stanozolol, testosterone, mesterolone, nandrolone—6 months	tamoxifen	Sudden death at home	420 g (0.49% of body weight)—Cardiomegaly, Normal ventricular thickness, >75% Stenosis of the left main trunk and the LAD, areas of scarring located at the intersection between the posterior wall and the posterior third of the septum	Acute myocardial infarction, myocytes hypertrophy, small intramyocardial vessel disease	Blood: Ethanol, Stanozolol, Nandrolone	Acute myocardial infarction