Table 1.

Methods of starch nanoparticle production.

Technique	Starch Nanoparticle Production Process	Size	Ref.
Hydrolysis (top-down)	Acid hydrolysis	20–90 nm (SEM) 40–70 nm (TEM) 70–100 nm (TEM)	[19] [20] [21]
Physical methods (top-down)	Enzymatic hydrolysis	500 nm (DLS)	[22]
	Gamma radiation	20–30 nm (DLS)	[23]
	Ultrasonication	30–100 nm (SEM)	[24]
	High pressure homogenisation	<50 nm (TEM)	[25,26]
	Cold plasma and ultrasound	300–1000 nm (DLS)	[27]
Precipitation (bottom-up)	Solvent–antisolvent precipitation	50–100 nm (SEM) 150 nm (SEM) 130–400 nm (DLS) 140–450 nm (DLS)	[10] [18] [16] [28]