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. 2020 Nov 4;9(11):2413. doi: 10.3390/cells9112413

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The two main stages of the autophagy pathway. Stage 1 involves autophagy induction where autophagy signals result in the formation of the Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) complex followed by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class 3 (PI3KC3) complex. This leads to pre-autophagosomal structure formation and autophagosome formation and expansion. Stage 2 involves autophagosome transport for fusion with lysosomes. This leads to autolysosome formation and degradation of its contents. ALS-associated proteins that impair autophagy are indicated beside each step of the pathway. FIP200, FAK family kinase-interacting protein of 200 kDa; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex I; ULK1, Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; p150/Vps15, vacuolar protein sorting 15; Vps34, vacuolar protein sorting 34; LC3-II, C-termini of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3B; UVRAG, UV radiation resistance associated; Atg13, autophagy-related protein 13; Atg14L, autophagy-related protein 14.