Table 3.

Details of genes encoding transcription factors and transcription regulators associated with MMR vaccine efficacy and safety.

Gene	Gene Description	Genomic Location	Gene Product Function	Associated Disease Phenotypes–Not Vaccine Related [28]	Studies on Associated Vaccinomic Phenotype: MMR	Studies on Associated Adversomics Phenotypes: MMR
RARB	Retinoic acid receptor β	3p24.2	Nuclear transcriptional regulator, binds retinoic acid	Matthew-Wood syndrome, microphthalmia, diaphragmatic hernia	[37]	None
RXRA	Retinoid X receptor α	9q34.2	Nuclear receptor, involvement in retinoic-acid-mediated gene activation	Colon adenoma, recessive dystrophic Epidermolysis bullosa	[37]	None
VDR	Vitamin D receptor	12q13.11	Ligand-inducible transcription factor, also a receptor for the secondary bile acid, lithocholic acid	Hypocalcaemic vitamin D-resistant rickets, osteoporosis, vitamin D-dependent rickets (type 2a)	[37]	None
TRIM25	Tripartite motif-containing 25	17q23.1	Transcription factor, mediates estrogen actions in breast cancer	Influenza, swine influenza	[38]	None
WT1	WT1 transcription factor	11p13	Transcription factor, development of urogenital system, tumor suppressor gene	Gonadal dysgenesis, cancers, aniridia, Denys-Drash syndrome, Frasier syndrome, genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, Meacham syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and retardation syndrome	[39]	None
STAT1	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1	2q32.2	Transcription activator, mediates expression of a variety of genes, which is thought to be important for cell viability in response to pathogens, can be activated by IFNα and IFNγ	Autoimmune enteropathy and endocrinopathy, immunodeficiency 31A, 31B, and 31C, susceptibility to viral and mycobacterial infections	None	[40]
STAT2	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2	12q13.3	Transcription activator, in response to IFN, forms a complex with STAT1 and ISGF3G	Immunodeficiency 44, primary immunodeficiency with post-measles-mumps-rubella vaccine viral infection	None	[41,42,43]
IRF7	Interferon regulatory factor 7	11p15.5	Transcriptional activation of virus-inducible cellular genes, including IFNβ chain genes	Immunodeficiency 39	None	[44]
IRF9	Interferon regulatory factor 9	14q12	Transcription factor, mediates signaling of IFNα and IFNβ, IRF9/ISGF3G associates with the phosphorylated STAT1:STAT2 dimer to form ISGF3 transcription factor	Immunodeficiency 65, susceptibility to viral infections	None	[45]