Table 4.

Natural enemies (parasitoids and predators) reported in literature for Tuta absoluta. The list may not be purely exhaustive but was compiled using the available literature at the time of writing. (Eggs—E; Larvae—L; Pupa—P).

Natural Enemy	Species	Host	Reference
Parasitoids	Agathis fuscipennis	L	[131]
	Apanteles dignus	L, P	[15,16]
	Apanteles gelechiidivoris	L	[15,16]
	Baryscapus bruchophagi	L	[220]
	Brachymeria secundaria	L	[220]
	Bracon lucileae	L	[15,16]
	Bracon lulensis	L	[15,16]
	Bracon spp.	P	[15,16,119]
	Bracon tutus	L	[15,16]
	Campoplex haywardi	L	[15,16]
	Capidosoma desantis	E	[15,16]
	Capidosoma koehleri	E	[15,16]
	Cheolras semele	-	[221]
	Closterocerus clarus	L	[220]
	Clostrocerus formosus	L	[15,16]
	Copidosoma desantisi	E	[15,16]
	Copidosoma koehleri	E	[15,16]
	Diadegma spp., D. ledicola and D. pulchripes	P	[15,16,119]
	Diglyphus crassinervis	L	[221]
	Diglyphus isaea	L	[221]
	Dineulophus phthormiaeae	L	[15,16]
	Dolichogenidea litae	-	[221]
	Elachertus inunctus	L	[222]
	Elasmus phthorimaeae	L	[221]
	Encarsia porteri	E	[223]
	Goniozus nigrifemur	L	[15]
	Habrobracon didemie	L	[220]
	Habrobracon hebetor	L	[220]
	Habrobracon nigricans	L	[16,224]
	Habrobracon osculator	L	[119]
	Halticoptera aenea	L	[222]
	Hemiptarsenus zilahisebessi	L	[225]
	Hockeria unicolor	L	[220,221]
	Horismenus sp	P	[15,16,119]
	Hyposoter didymator	-	[226]
	Necremnus artynes	L	[218,225]
	Necremnus metalarus	L	[206]
	Necremnus tidius	L	[227]
	Neochrysocharis formosa	L	[119]
	Neochrysocharis formosa	L	[222,224]
	Neochrysocharis formosa	L	[15,16]
	Pnigalio cristatus	L	[220]
	Pnigalio incompletus	-	[220]
	Pnigalio soemius	L	[221]
	Pnigalio sp. soemius complex	L	[222]
	Pseudapanteles dignus	L	[15,16]
	Pteromalus intermedius	L	[220]
	Pteromalus semotus	-	[221]
	Retisympiesis phthorimaea	L	[15,16]
	Retisympiesis phthorimaea	L	[15,16]
	Temelucha anatolica	-	[221]
	Trichogramma achaeae	E	[214]
	Trichogramma achaeae	E	[224]
	Trichogramma bactrae	E	[15,16]
	Trichogramma bourarachae	E	[228]
	Trichogramma dendrolimi	E	[15,16]
	Trichogramma exiguum	E	[15,16]
	Trichogramma fasciatum	E	[15,16]
	Trichogramma lopezandinensis	E	[15,16]
	Trichogramma minutum	E	[15,16]
	Trichogramma nerudai	E	[15,16]
	Trichogramma pintoi	E	[15,16]
	Trichogramma pretiosum	E	[15,16,213]
	Trichogramma rojasi	E	[15,16]
	Trichogramma telengai	E	[15,16]
	Zoophthorus macrops	-	[221]
Predators	Amblyseius cucumeris	E, L	[229]
	Amblyseius swirskii	E, L	[229]
	Brachygastra lecheguana	L	[15]
	Calosoma granulatum	L, P	[15]
	Coleomegilla maculata	E, L	[15]
	Cycloneda sanguinea	E	[15]
	Dicyphus errans	E, L	[230]
	Dicyphus maroccanus	E, L	[230]
	Dicyphus. tamaninii	E, L	[206,229]
	Doru lineare	E	[15]
	Engytatus varians	E	[229]
	Eriopsis conexa	E	[15]
	Franklinothrips vespiformis	L	[15]
	Labidura riparia	P	[15]
	Lebia concina	L, P	[15]
	Macrolophus pygmaeus	E, L	[231]
	Nabis ibericus	L	[229,232]
	Nesidiocoris tenuis	E	[231]
	Orius albidipennis	-	[230,233]
	Orius insidiosus	E, L	[15]
	Podisus nigrispinus	L	[15]
	Polistes carnifex	L	[15]
	Polistes melanosoma	L	[15]
	Polistes versicolor	L	[15]
	Polybia ignobilis	L	[15]
	Polybia scutellaris	L	[15]
	Protonectarina sylveirae	L	[15]
	Protopolybia exigua	L	[15]
	Scolothrips sexmaculatus	L	[15]
	Solenopsis geminata	L, P	[15]
	Solenopsis saevissima	L, P	[15]
	Synoeca cyanea	L	[15]