Table 1.

Summary of Mtb factors that can exacerbate HIV infections.

Factors of Mtb	Effect on HIV
Glutathione depletion	Increases in oxidative stress in areas of infection increase inflammation and permits proliferation of HIV infected immune cells [54,67,71]
Decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines in chronic infection due to T cell exhaustion	Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines result in suboptimal immune responses to viral infection allowing for HIV disease progression [82,83,89,90,91,92].
Excess of TNF-α in acute infection	TNF-α is a major cytokine in granuloma formation that recruits macrophages and T cells forming a replication hot-spot for HIV infected immune cells [97,110,111,112].
Increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines in chronic infection due to T-cell exhaustion	Anti-inflammatory cytokines (mainly IL-10) are associated with increasing tunneling nanotubes which facilitate the transfer of HIV between T cells [103,105].