Figure 2.

Overview of uremic toxins studied for potentially causal effects on vascular calcification in in vitro or animal studies. The effect on calcification is indicated with arrows in red (increased calcification), green (decreased calcification) or black (no effect). Multiple listing is possible in case of contrasting published findings. Uremic toxins are classified as low molecular weight (white boxes), middle molecular weight (light blue boxes) or protein-bound (dark blue boxes). * in pro-calcifying media; ^$ in pro- as well as non-calcifying media.